Schotter Elizabeth R, Jia Annie, Ferreira Victor S, Rayner Keith
Psychology Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,
Psychon Bull Rev. 2014 Jun;21(3):755-62. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0553-6.
Speakers access information from objects they will name but have not looked at yet, indexed by preview benefit--faster processing of the target when a preview object previously occupying its location was related rather than unrelated to the target. This suggests that speakers distribute attention over multiple objects, but it does not reveal the time course of the processing of a current and a to-be-named object. Is the preview benefit a consequence of attention shifting to the next-to-be-named object shortly before the eyes move to that location, or does the benefit reflect a more unconstrained deployment of attention to upcoming objects? Using the multiple-object naming paradigm with a gaze-contingent display change manipulation, we addressed this issue by manipulating the latency of the onset of the preview (SOA) and whether the preview represented the same concept as (but a different visual token of) the target or an unrelated concept. The results revealed that the preview benefit was robust, regardless of the latency of the preview onset or the latency of the saccade to the target (the lag between preview offset and fixation on the target). Together, these data suggest that preview benefit is not restricted to the time during an attention shift preceding an eye movement, and that speakers are able to take advantage of information from nonfoveal objects whenever such objects are visually available.
说话者从他们即将命名但尚未查看的物体中获取信息，这由预览效益索引——当先前占据其位置的预览物体与目标相关而非不相关时，对目标的处理速度更快。这表明说话者将注意力分散在多个物体上，但它并未揭示当前物体和即将命名物体的处理时间进程。预览效益是眼睛移向该位置前不久注意力转移到下一个即将命名物体的结果，还是该效益反映了对即将出现物体的注意力更不受限制的分配？通过使用多物体命名范式并结合注视点相关显示变化操作，我们通过操纵预览开始的延迟时间（刺激开始时间间隔，SOA）以及预览是否代表与目标相同的概念（但目标的不同视觉形式）或不相关概念来解决这个问题。结果显示，无论预览开始的延迟时间或向目标扫视的延迟时间（预览结束与注视目标之间的滞后时间）如何，预览效益都很显著。总之，这些数据表明预览效益并不局限于眼球运动前注意力转移的时间段，并且只要非中央凹物体在视觉上可用，说话者就能利用来自这些物体的信息。
