Pediatrics. 2014 Jan;133(1):175-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3502. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
Sales of raw or unpasteurized milk and milk products are still legal in at least 30 states in the United States. Raw milk and milk products from cows, goats, and sheep continue to be a source of bacterial infections attributable to a number of virulent pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella species, Brucella species, and Escherichia coli O157. These infections can occur in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals, including older adults, infants, young children, and pregnant women and their unborn fetuses, in whom life-threatening infections and fetal miscarriage can occur. Efforts to limit the sale of raw milk products have met with opposition from those who are proponents of the purported health benefits of consuming raw milk products, which contain natural or unprocessed factors not inactivated by pasteurization. However, the benefits of these natural factors have not been clearly demonstrated in evidence-based studies and, therefore, do not outweigh the risks of raw milk consumption. Substantial data suggest that pasteurized milk confers equivalent health benefits compared with raw milk, without the additional risk of bacterial infections. The purpose of this policy statement was to review the risks of raw milk consumption in the United States and to provide evidence of the risks of infectious complications associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk and milk products, especially among pregnant women, infants, and children.
在美国，至少有 30 个州仍然允许销售未经巴氏消毒的生牛奶和奶制品。生牛奶和奶制品仍然是由多种毒力病原体引起的细菌感染的来源，包括单核细胞增生李斯特菌、空肠弯曲菌、沙门氏菌、布氏杆菌和大肠杆菌 O157。这些感染可发生在健康和免疫功能低下的个体中，包括老年人、婴儿、幼儿以及孕妇及其未出生的胎儿，在这些人群中可发生威胁生命的感染和胎儿流产。限制生奶制品销售的努力遭到了那些支持食用生奶制品的人的反对，他们认为生奶制品含有未经巴氏消毒灭活的天然或未加工的因素，对健康有益。然而，这些天然因素的益处尚未在基于证据的研究中得到明确证明，因此，生奶消费的风险大于其益处。大量数据表明，巴氏消毒奶与生奶具有同等的健康益处，而不会增加细菌感染的额外风险。本政策声明的目的是审查美国生奶消费的风险，并提供与食用未经巴氏消毒的牛奶和奶制品相关的感染并发症风险的证据，特别是在孕妇、婴儿和儿童中。
