Dudarev Alexey A, Dushkina Eugenia V, Sladkova Yuliya N, Alloyarov Pavel R, Chupakhin Valery S, Dorofeyev Vitaliy M, Kolesnikova Tatjana A, Fridman Kirill B, Evengard Birgitta, Nilsson Lena M
Northwest Public Health Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Dubna City Hospital, Moscow Oblast, Russia.
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013 Dec 9;72:22646. doi: 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.22646. eCollection 2013.
Poor state of water supply systems, shortage of water purification facilities and disinfection systems, low quality of drinking water generally in Russia and particularly in the regions of the Russian Arctic, Siberia and Far East have been defined in the literature. However, no standard protocol of water security assessment has been used in the majority of studies.
Uniform water security indicators collected from Russian official statistical sources for the period 2000-2011 were used for comparison for 18 selected regions in the Russian Arctic, Siberia and Far East. The following indicators of water security were analyzed: water consumption, chemical and biological contamination of water reservoirs of Categories I and II of water sources (centralized--underground and surface, and non-centralized) and of drinking water.
Water consumption in selected regions fluctuated from 125 to 340 L/person/day. Centralized water sources (both underground and surface sources) are highly contaminated by chemicals (up to 40-80%) and biological agents (up to 55% in some regions), mainly due to surface water sources. Underground water sources show relatively low levels of biological contamination, while chemical contamination is high due to additional water contamination during water treatment and transportation in pipelines. Non-centralized water sources are highly contaminated (both chemically and biologically) in 32-90% of samples analyzed. Very high levels of chemical contamination of drinking water (up to 51%) were detected in many regions, mainly in the north-western part of the Russian Arctic. Biological contamination of drinking water was generally much lower (2.5-12%) everywhere except Evenki AO (27%), and general and thermotolerant coliform bacteria predominated in drinking water samples from all regions (up to 17.5 and 12.5%, correspondingly). The presence of other agents was much lower: Coliphages--0.2-2.7%, Clostridia spores, Giardia cysts, pathogenic bacteria, Rotavirus--up to 0.8%. Of a total of 56 chemical pollutants analyzed in water samples from centralized water supply systems, 32 pollutants were found to be in excess of hygienic limits, with the predominant pollutants being Fe (up to 55%), Cl (up to 57%), Al (up to 43%) and Mn (up to 45%).
In 18 selected regions of the Russian Arctic, Siberia and Far East Category I and II water reservoirs, water sources (centralized--underground, surface; non-centralized) and drinking water are highly contaminated by chemical and biological agents. Full-scale reform of the Russian water industry and water security system is urgently needed, especially in selected regions.
文献中已指出俄罗斯供水系统状况不佳、水净化设施和消毒系统短缺，俄罗斯整体尤其是北极地区、西伯利亚和远东地区的饮用水质量较低。然而，大多数研究并未采用水安全评估的标准方案。
从俄罗斯官方统计来源收集的2000 - 2011年期间统一的水安全指标，用于比较俄罗斯北极地区、西伯利亚和远东地区的18个选定地区。分析了以下水安全指标：用水量、I类和II类水源（集中式——地下和地表水，以及非集中式）水库和饮用水的化学及生物污染情况。
选定地区的人均日用水量在125至340升之间波动。集中式水源（包括地下和地表水源）受到化学物质（高达40 - 80%）和生物制剂（某些地区高达55%）的高度污染，主要是由于地表水源。地下水源的生物污染水平相对较低，而由于水处理和管道运输过程中的额外水污染，化学污染较高。在分析的32 - 90%的非集中式水源样本中，化学和生物污染都很严重。许多地区检测到饮用水的化学污染水平非常高（高达51%），主要在俄罗斯北极地区的西北部。除埃文基自治区（27%）外，各地饮用水的生物污染普遍要低得多（2.5 - 12%），所有地区饮用水样本中的总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群占主导（分别高达17.5%和12.5%）。其他病原体的存在比例要低得多：噬菌体——0.2 - 2.7%，梭状芽孢杆菌孢子、贾第虫囊肿、病原菌、轮状病毒——高达0.8%。在集中式供水系统水样中分析的总共56种化学污染物中，发现32种污染物超过卫生限值，主要污染物为铁（高达55%）、氯（高达57%）、铝（高达43%）和锰（高达45%）。
在俄罗斯北极地区、西伯利亚和远东地区的18个选定地区，I类和II类水库、水源（集中式——地下、地表；非集中式）和饮用水受到化学和生物制剂的高度污染。俄罗斯水行业和水安全系统急需全面改革，特别是在选定地区。
