Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago.
JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Mar;168(3):234-42. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4521.
Schools present highly desirable marketing environments for food and beverage companies. However, most marketed items are nutritionally poor.
To examine national trends in student exposure to selected school-based commercialism measures from 2007 through 2012.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Annual nationally representative cross-sectional studies were evaluated in US public elementary, middle, and high schools with use of a survey of school administrators.
School-based commercialism, including exclusive beverage contracts and associated incentives, profits, and advertising; corporate food vending and associated incentives and profits; posters/advertisements for soft drinks, fast food, or candy; use of food coupons as incentives; event sponsorships; and fast food available to students.
Changes over time in school-based commercialism as well as differences by student body racial/ethnic distribution and socioeconomic status.
Although some commercialism measures-especially those related to beverage vending-have shown significant decreases over time, most students at all academic levels continued to attend schools with one or more types of school-based commercialism in 2012. Overall, exposure to school-based commercialism increased significantly with grade level. For 63.7% of elementary school students, the most frequent type of commercialism was food coupons used as incentives. For secondary students, the type of commercialism most prevalent in schools was exclusive beverage contracts, which were in place in schools attended by 49.5% of middle school students and 69.8% of high school students. Exposure to elementary school coupons, as well as middle and high school exclusive beverage contracts, was significantly more likely for students attending schools with mid or low (vs high) student body socioeconomic status.
Most US elementary, middle, and high school students attend schools where they are exposed to commercial efforts aimed at obtaining food or beverage sales or developing brand recognition and loyalty for future sales. Although there have been significant decreases over time in many of the measures examined, the continuing high prevalence of school-based commercialism calls for, at minimum, clear and enforceable standards on the nutritional content of all foods and beverages marketed to youth in school settings.
学校是食品和饮料公司极具吸引力的营销环境。然而，大多数销售的产品在营养方面都很差。
研究 2007 年至 2012 年期间，学生接触到的选定基于学校的商业化措施的全国趋势。
设计、设置和参与者：对美国公立小学、初中和高中的学校管理人员进行了年度全国代表性横断面研究。
包括独家饮料合同和相关激励措施、利润和广告在内的基于学校的商业化；公司食品销售和相关激励措施和利润；软饮料、快餐或糖果的海报/广告；使用食品优惠券作为激励措施；活动赞助；以及向学生提供的快餐。
随着时间的推移，基于学校的商业化的变化，以及学生群体种族/民族分布和社会经济地位的差异。
尽管一些商业化措施-特别是与饮料销售有关的措施-随着时间的推移显示出显著下降，但在 2012 年，所有学术水平的学生仍然就读于至少有一种类型的基于学校的商业化的学校。总体而言，随着年级的升高，学生接触基于学校的商业化的程度显著增加。对于 63.7%的小学生来说，最常见的商业化类型是用作激励措施的食品优惠券。对于中学生来说，学校中最普遍的商业化类型是独家饮料合同，这种合同存在于 49.5%的初中生和 69.8%的高中生就读的学校中。在学生群体社会经济地位中等或较低（而非较高）的学校中，小学生优惠券以及中学生和高中生独家饮料合同的接触率显著更高。
大多数美国小学、初中和高中的学生就读于学校，这些学校接触到旨在获取食品或饮料销售或为未来销售培养品牌知名度和忠诚度的商业努力。尽管所研究的许多措施随着时间的推移都有显著下降，但基于学校的商业化的持续高流行率要求，至少要有明确和可执行的标准，规定在学校环境中向青年推销的所有食品和饮料的营养含量。
