Mayer Horst
HECONet, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Stress Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany The ICOH subcommittee 'Functional Aspects of Vision at Work'
Work. 2014 Jan 1;47(3):353-64. doi: 10.3233/WOR-141822.
During many years of occupational stress research, mostly within the German governmental program for "Humanization of Work Life'', remarkable deficits concerning visual work were seen, the most striking being the lack of cooperation between the different experts.
With regard to this article hard arguments and ideas for solutions had to be found.
METHODS/PARTICIPANTS: A pilot study in 21 enterprises was realized (1602 employees with different visual work tasks). A test set of screening parameters (visual acuity, refraction, phoria, binocular cooperation and efficiency, accommodation range and color vision) were measured. The glasses and/or contact lenses worn were registered and the visual tasks analyzed. In work at visual display units (VDU) the eye movements were recorded and standardized questionnaires were given (health, stress, visual work situation). Because of the heterogeneity of the sample only simple statistics were applied: in groups of different visual work the complaints, symptoms, hassles and uplifts were clustered (SAS software) and correlated with the results of the visual tests. Later a special project in 8 companies (676 employees) was carried out. The results were published in [14].
Discomfort and asthenopic symptoms could be seen as an interaction of the combination of tasks and working conditions with the clusters of individual functionalisms, frequently originating in postural compromises. Mainly three causes for stress could be identified: 1. demands inadequate with regard to intensity, resolution, amount and/or time structure; 2. prevention of elementary perceptive needs; 3. entire use of partial capacities of the visual organ. Symptoms also were correlated with heteronomy. Other findings: influence of adaptation/accommodation ratio, the distracting role of attractors, especially in multitasking jobs; influence of high luminance differences. Dry eyes were very common, they could be attributed to a high screen position, low light, monotonous tasks and office climate. For some parameters a diurnal rhythm could be identified. Nowhere special programs for ageing employees were found: the right glasses; retinal problems and signs of destabilization of vision.
In all enterprises, the ergophthalmological and visual ergonomic knowledge of the occupational physicians was poor, visual ergonomists were not available and there was only very poor cooperation with ophthalmologists and optometrists, the first of whom additionally had not much knowledge of modern work.
在多年的职业压力研究中，主要是在德国政府的“工作生活人性化”项目范围内，发现了视觉工作方面的显著缺陷，最突出的是不同专家之间缺乏合作。
就本文而言，必须找到有力的论据和解决方案。
方法/参与者：在21家企业进行了一项试点研究（1602名从事不同视觉工作任务的员工）。测量了一组筛选参数（视力、屈光、隐斜视、双眼合作与效率、调节范围和色觉）。记录所佩戴的眼镜和/或隐形眼镜，并分析视觉任务。在视觉显示单元（VDU）工作时，记录眼动并发放标准化问卷（健康、压力、视觉工作状况）。由于样本的异质性，仅应用了简单的统计方法：在不同视觉工作组中，对投诉、症状、困扰和提升进行聚类（SAS软件），并与视觉测试结果相关联。后来在8家公司开展了一个特别项目（676名员工）。结果发表于[14]。
不适和视疲劳症状可视为任务与工作条件的组合与个体功能集群之间相互作用的结果，通常源于姿势问题。主要可确定三个压力源：1. 强度、分辨率、数量和/或时间结构方面要求不足；2. 基本感知需求受阻；3. 视觉器官部分能力的过度使用。症状也与自主性缺失相关。其他发现：适应/调节比率的影响、吸引物的干扰作用，尤其是在多任务工作中；高亮度差异的影响。干眼非常常见，可归因于屏幕位置高、光线不足、任务单调和办公环境。对于某些参数可确定昼夜节律。未发现针对老年员工的特殊项目：合适的眼镜；视网膜问题和视力不稳定迹象。
在所有企业中，职业医师的眼工效学和视觉工效学知识匮乏，没有视觉工效学家，与眼科医生和验光师的合作也非常少，而眼科医生对现代工作的了解也不多。
