The effect of ions on sodium-calcium exchange in salamander rods.

1. The influence of external cations on the rate at which a Ca2+ load was eliminated in exchange for external Na+ was studied by measuring the inward current associated with Na+-Ca2+ exchange in salamander rods. 2. In Ringer solution the exchange current saturated at a well-defined level of about 20 pA at 20 degrees C. 3. The saturation level of exchange current, j(sat), was increased by lowering the external concentrations of H+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+; it was decreased by raising the external concentration of these ions or by lowering [Na+]O. 4. J(sat) varied approximately as [Na+]O2.4 between 35 and 110 mM-Na+. 5. The inhibitory constants for external Ca2+ and Mg2+ were about 1 and 4 mM, respectively. 6. An acid pH decreased j(sat) and an alkaline one increased it; the shape of the relation between current and pH suggests that one inhibitory proton combines between pH 8 and 10 and a pair combine between pH 6 and 7. 7. Removing K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, and increasing the pH from 7.5 to 10 increased the measured exchange current from 20 to ca. 100 pA. 8. The integral of the Na+-Ca2+ exchange current varied with the Ca2+ load but was largely independent of external ionic changes in spite of large changes in j(sat). The apparent Na+-Ca2+ exchange ratio remained at a little under 3 over a wide range of conditions. 9. The constancy of the integral of the exchange current was brought about by reciprocal variations of the amplitude and duration of the current transient. Records in different solutions could usually be matched by scaling amplitude and time by reciprocal factors. 10. Increasing Nai+ by allowing large light-sensitive currents to flow in low-Ca2+ solutions affected the Na+-Ca2+ exchange transient in a different way from lowering [Na+]o or raising [Ca2+]o, etc. In an Na+-rich rod there was little reduction in j(sat) but the response was prolonged and larger Ca2+ loads were needed to reach saturation. Analysis in terms of a simple model indicated that a substantial Na+ load might reduce the apparent affinity of the internal pumping sites for Ca2+ by a factor of 10. 11. An attempt is made to relate these findings to a model of Na+-Ca2+ exchange.