In vivo characterization of alveolar and interstitial lung macrophages in rhesus macaques: implications for understanding lung disease in humans.

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are commonly used to study lung macrophage-mediated immune responses. Questions remain, however, about whether AMs fully represent macrophage function in the lung. This study was performed to determine the contribution of interstitial macrophages (IMs) of lung tissue to pulmonary immunity and that are not present in BAL sampling. In vivo BrdU injection was performed to evaluate the kinetics and monocyte/tissue macrophage turnover in Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Lung macrophage phenotype and cell turnover were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. AMs and IMs in lungs of rhesus macaques composed ∼70% of immune response cells in the lung. AMs represented a larger proportion of macrophages, ∼75-80%, and exhibited minimal turnover. Conversely, IMs exhibited higher turnover rates that were similar to those of blood monocytes during steady-state homeostasis. IMs also exhibited higher staining for TUNEL, suggesting a continuous transition of blood monocytes replacing IMs undergoing apoptosis. Although AMs appear static in steady-state homeostasis, increased influx of new AMs derived from monocytes/IMs was observed after BAL procedure. Moreover, ex vivo IFN-γ plus LPS treatment significantly increased intracellular expression of TNF-α in IMs, but not in AMs. These findings indicate that the longer-lived AMs obtained from BAL may not represent the entire pulmonary spectrum of macrophage responses, and shorter-lived IMs may function as the critical mucosal macrophage subset in the lung that helps to maintain homeostasis and protect against continuous pathogen exposure from the environment.