Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Centre of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, , Epalinges, Switzerland.
Br J Sports Med. 2014 May;48(10):827-32. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093512. Epub 2014 Mar 21.
The athlete biological passport (ABP) was recently implemented in anti-doping work and is based on the individual and longitudinal monitoring of haematological or urine markers. These may be influenced by illicit procedures performed by some athletes with the intent to improve exercise performance. Hence the ABP is a valuable tool in the fight against doping. Actually, the passport has been defined as an individual and longitudinal observation of markers. These markers need to belong to the biological cascade influenced by the application of forbidden hormones or more generally, affected by biological manipulations which can improve the performance of the athlete. So far, the haematological and steroid profile modules of the ABP have been implemented in major sport organisations, and a further module is under development. The individual and longitudinal monitoring of some blood and urine markers are of interest, because the intraindividual variability is lower than the corresponding interindividual variability. Among the key prerequisites for the implementation of the ABP is its prospect to resist to the legal and scientific challenges. The ABP should be implemented in the most transparent way and with the necessary independence between planning, interpretation and result management of the passport. To ensure this, the Athlete Passport Management Unit (APMU) was developed and the WADA implemented different technical documents associated to the passport. This was carried out to ensure the correct implementation of a profile which can also stand the challenge of any scientific or legal criticism. This goal can be reached only by following strictly important steps in the chain of production of the results and in the management of the interpretation of the passport. Various technical documents have been then associated to the guidelines which correspond to the requirements for passport operation. The ABP has been completed very recently by the steroid profile module. As for the haematological module, individual and longitudinal monitoring have been applied and the interpretation cascade is also managed by a specific APMU in a similar way as applied in the haematological module. Thus, after exclusion of any possible pathology, specific variation from the individual norms will be then considered as a potential misuse of hormones or other modulators to enhance performance.
运动员生物护照（ABP）最近已被应用于反兴奋剂工作中，它基于对血液或尿液标记物的个体和纵向监测。这些标记物可能会受到一些运动员为提高运动成绩而进行的非法操作的影响。因此，ABP 是打击兴奋剂的有力工具。实际上，护照被定义为对标记物的个体和纵向观察。这些标记物需要属于受禁用激素应用影响的生物级联，或者更一般地说，受到可以提高运动员成绩的生物操作的影响。到目前为止，ABP 的血液学和类固醇特征模块已经在主要体育组织中实施，并且正在开发另一个模块。对一些血液和尿液标记物的个体和纵向监测很有意义，因为个体内变异性低于相应的个体间变异性。ABP 实施的关键前提之一是它有潜力抵御法律和科学挑战。ABP 应该以最透明的方式实施，并在护照的规划、解释和结果管理之间保持必要的独立性。为此，运动员护照管理单位（APMU）得以开发，WADA 也实施了与护照相关的不同技术文件。这是为了确保正确实施一个可以经受住任何科学或法律批评的方案。只有通过严格遵守结果产生链和护照解释管理中的重要步骤，才能实现这一目标。随后，与指南相关的各种技术文件也已被制定出来，这些指南对应着护照操作的要求。ABP 最近已由类固醇特征模块完成。至于血液学模块，已经应用了个体和纵向监测，并且解释级联也由一个特定的 APMU 以类似于血液学模块中的方式进行管理。因此，在排除任何可能的病理学之后，将从个体标准中特定的变化视为潜在的滥用激素或其他调节剂以提高成绩的行为。
