A mini-review: Cell response to microscale, nanoscale, and hierarchical patterning of surface structure.

Cellular behavior can be influenced by the chemical and physical surface characteristics of biomedical substrates. To understand the relationships between various topographical surface patterns and cellular activities, various types of pattern models have been developed and examined in a range of sizes (microscale, nanoscale, and hierarchical structures consisting of both) and shapes (pillar, hole, groove, grate, grid, and island). Here, we review fabrication methods for obtaining physically patterned microscale and nanoscale surfaces, and discuss the relationships between cellular responses and physically patterned surfaces, which could be applied to various biomedical scaffolds used in tissue engineering applications.