Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Clin Exp Immunol. 2014 Jul;177(1):38-46. doi: 10.1111/cei.12353.
There is increasing recognition that exposures to infectious agents evoke fundamental effects on the development and behaviour of the immune system. Moreover, where infections (especially parasitic infections) have declined, immune responses appear to be increasingly prone to hyperactivity. For example, epidemiological studies of parasite-endemic areas indicate that prenatal or early-life experience of infections can imprint an individual's immunological reactivity. However, the ability of helminths to dampen pathology in established inflammatory diseases implies that they can have therapeutic effects even if the immune system has developed in a low-infection setting. With recent investigations of how parasites are able to modulate host immune pathology at the level of individual parasite molecules and host cell populations, we are now able to dissect the nature of the host-parasite interaction at both the initiation and recall phases of the immune response. Thus the question remains - is the influence of parasites on immunity one that acts primarily in early life, and at initiation of the immune response, or in adulthood and when recall responses occur? In short, parasite immunosuppression - sooner or later?
越来越多的人认识到，感染病原体后会对免疫系统的发育和功能产生根本影响。此外，在感染（尤其是寄生虫感染）减少的情况下，免疫反应似乎越来越容易过度活跃。例如，寄生虫流行地区的流行病学研究表明，产前或生命早期的感染经历可以影响个体的免疫反应性。然而，蠕虫能够抑制已确立的炎症性疾病中的病理学，这意味着即使免疫系统在低感染环境中发育，它们也可能具有治疗效果。最近对寄生虫如何在个体寄生虫分子和宿主细胞群体水平上调节宿主免疫病理学的研究，使我们能够剖析免疫反应起始和回忆阶段的宿主-寄生虫相互作用的本质。因此，问题仍然存在——寄生虫对免疫的影响主要是在生命早期和免疫反应开始时起作用，还是在成年期和回忆反应时起作用？简而言之，寄生虫免疫抑制——迟早会发生？
