Kahn Joan R, García-Manglano Javier, Bianchi Suzanne M
Department of Sociology and Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (
Department of Sociology, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Manor Road Building, Oxford OX1 3UQ, United Kingdom.
J Marriage Fam. 2014 Feb;76(1):56-72. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12086.
The authors build on prior research on the motherhood wage penalty to examine whether the career penalties faced by mothers change over the life course. They broaden the focus beyond wages to also consider labor force participation and occupational status and use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women to model the changing impact of motherhood as women age from their 20s to their 50s (n = 4,730). They found that motherhood is "costly" to women's careers, but the effects on all 3 labor force outcomes attenuate at older ages. Children reduce women's labor force participation, but this effect is strongest when women are younger, and is eliminated by the 40s and 50s. Mothers also seem able to regain ground in terms of occupational status. The wage penalty for having children varies by parity, persisting across the life course only for women who have 3 or more children.
作者基于先前关于母亲工资惩罚的研究，来考察母亲所面临的职业惩罚在人生历程中是否会发生变化。他们将关注点从工资扩大到劳动力参与率和职业地位，利用全国青年女性纵向调查的数据，对女性从20多岁到50多岁（n = 4730）时母亲身份的变化影响进行建模。他们发现，母亲身份对女性职业来说是“代价高昂的”，但对所有这三种劳动力市场结果的影响在年龄较大时会减弱。孩子会降低女性的劳动力参与率，但这种影响在女性年轻时最为强烈，到40多岁和50多岁时就消失了。母亲们似乎也能够在职业地位方面收复失地。生育子女的工资惩罚因生育胎次而异，只有生育3个或更多孩子的女性在整个生命历程中这种惩罚才会持续存在。
