a National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR) , Lisboa , Portugal.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(1):128-40. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2012.694920.
Fish products contain various nutritionally beneficial components, namely, ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFA), minerals, and vitamins. Particularly, tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol) can be provided by seafood and aquaculture products. Hence, this review shows the various aspects of tocopherols in seafood and aquaculture products. For tocopherol determination in these products, HPLC methods coupled with diode array detection in the UV area of the spectrum or fluorescence detection have been shown as sensitive and accurate. These newest methods have helped in understanding tocopherols fate upon ingestion by seafood organisms. Tocopherols pass through the intestinal mucosa mainly by the same passive diffusion mechanism as fats. After absorption, the transport mechanism is thought to consist of two loops. The first loop is dietary, including chylomicrons and fatty acids bound to carrier protein, transporting lipids mainly to the liver. The other is the transport from the liver to tissues and storage sites. Moreover, tocopherol levels in fish organisms correlate with diet levels, being adjusted in fish body depending on diet concentration. For farmed fish species, insufficient levels of tocopherols in the diet can lead to poor growth performance or to nutritional disease. The tocopherol quantity needed as a feed supplement depends on various factors, such as the vitamer mixture, the lipid level and source, the method of diet preparation, and the feed storage conditions. Other ingredients in diet may be of great importance, it has been proposed that α-tocopherol may behave as a prooxidant synergist at higher concentrations when prooxidants such as transition metals are present. However, the antioxidant action of tocopherols outweighs this prooxidant effect, provided that adequate conditions are used. In fact, muscle-based foods containing higher levels of tocopherol show, for instance, higher lipid stability. Besides, tocopherols are important not only from the nutritional point of view but also from the physiological one, since they are involved in many metabolic processes in the human organism. Moreover, synergistic interactions with selenium and ascorbic acid have been reported. It deserves attention that there is evidence tocopherols taken with food can prevent heart disease, while no such evidence was found for α-tocopherol as supplement. From this perspective, eating fish is advisable, since, for instance, a 100 g serving of salmon may provide nearly 14% of recommended dietary allowance.
鱼类产品含有各种有益的营养成分，如 ω3-多不饱和脂肪酸 (ω3-PUFA)、矿物质和维生素。特别是，生育酚（α-、β-、γ-和 δ-生育酚）可以由海鲜和水产养殖产品提供。因此，本综述展示了海鲜和水产养殖产品中生育酚的各种方面。对于这些产品中生育酚的测定，已经显示高效液相色谱法 (HPLC) 与二极管阵列检测 (DAD) 结合在光谱的紫外区或荧光检测具有灵敏和准确的特点。这些最新方法有助于了解生育酚在海鲜生物摄入后的命运。生育酚主要通过与脂肪相同的被动扩散机制穿过肠黏膜。吸收后，转运机制被认为由两个循环组成。第一个循环是饮食性的，包括乳糜微粒和与载体蛋白结合的脂肪酸，主要将脂质转运到肝脏。另一个是从肝脏到组织和储存部位的运输。此外，鱼类体内的生育酚水平与饮食水平相关，根据饮食浓度在鱼体内进行调节。对于养殖鱼类，饮食中生育酚水平不足会导致生长性能不佳或营养性疾病。作为饲料补充的生育酚量取决于各种因素，例如生育酚混合物、脂质水平和来源、饮食制备方法和饲料储存条件。饮食中的其他成分可能非常重要，有人提出，当存在过渡金属等促氧化剂时，较高浓度的 α-生育酚可能表现为协同促氧化剂。然而，只要使用适当的条件，生育酚的抗氧化作用就会超过这种促氧化剂效应。事实上，含有较高生育酚水平的肌肉类食物表现出更高的脂质稳定性。此外，生育酚不仅从营养角度，而且从生理角度来看都很重要，因为它们参与人体许多代谢过程。此外，还报告了与硒和抗坏血酸的协同相互作用。值得注意的是，有证据表明，随餐摄入生育酚可以预防心脏病，而作为补充剂的 α-生育酚则没有这种证据。从这个角度来看，吃鱼是明智的，因为例如，一份 100 克的三文鱼可能提供近 14%的建议膳食摄入量。
