França Raqueli T, Da Silva Aleksandro S, Loretti Alexandre P, Mazzanti Cinthia M, Lopes Sonia T A
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
Department of Animal Science, Western Higher Education Center, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Chapecó, SC 89815-630, Brazil.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014 Sep;5(5):466-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.04.005. Epub 2014 Jun 4.
Canine rangeliosis (popular names: "nambi-uvú", i.e. bleeding ears''; "peste de sangue", i.e. bleeding plague''; and "febre amarela dos cães", i.e. ``yellow fever of dogs'') is a tick-borne haemolytic and haemorrhagic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Rangelia vitalii which infects erythrocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells of blood capillaries. Rangelia vitalii was first reported as a novel piroplasm of dogs in 1910 in Brazil, a discovery that was met with skepticism at that time. Canine rangeliosis has been diagnosed in domestic dogs not only in Brazil but also in other South American countries (Argentina and Uruguay). Rangelia vitalii infection has also been found incidentally in Brazil in wild dogs (Cerdocyon thous, the crab-eating fox). Despite the fact that researchers in the early 1900s suggested that R. vitalii was a hitherto unidentified piroplasm that would be transmitted by the tick Amblyomma aureolatum, it was not until 2012 that these hypotheses were actually confirmed by PCR and transmission studies. Molecular studies have shown that R. vitalii is related to the Babesia sensu strictu clade, but genetically different from other morphologically similar species of Babesia that infect dogs. Another difference between Babesia spp. and R. vitalii is the ability of R. vitalii to invade endothelial cells, erythrocytes, and leukocytes. Experimental infection in dogs has successfully reproduced the clinical picture and pathology of the natural disease. In this article, epidemiology, clinical signs, laboratory findings, pathogenetic mechanisms including oxidative stress and immune response, necropsy findings, microscopic lesions, diagnosis, and treatment of canine rangeliosis are reviewed. What is currently known about this protozoal disease since its first report over a century ago is presented herein.
犬兰氏焦虫病（俗名：“nambi - uvú”，即“出血耳病”；“peste de sangue”，即“出血瘟疫”；“febre amarela dos cães”，即“犬黄热病”）是一种由原生动物寄生虫兰氏焦虫（Rangelia vitalii）引起的蜱传溶血性和出血性疾病，该寄生虫可感染红细胞、白细胞以及毛细血管的内皮细胞。兰氏焦虫于1910年在巴西首次作为犬的一种新型梨形虫被报道，这一发现当时遭到了质疑。犬兰氏焦虫病不仅在巴西的家犬中被诊断出来，在其他南美国家（阿根廷和乌拉圭）也有发现。在巴西，还偶然在野生犬（食蟹狐，Cerdocyon thous）中发现了兰氏焦虫感染。尽管20世纪初的研究人员认为兰氏焦虫是一种此前未被识别的梨形虫，可由金黄硬蜱（Amblyomma aureolatum）传播，但直到2012年，这些假设才通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）和传播研究得到实际证实。分子研究表明，兰氏焦虫与狭义巴贝斯虫属（Babesia sensu strictu）进化枝相关，但在基因上与其他感染犬的形态相似的巴贝斯虫物种不同。巴贝斯虫属和兰氏焦虫之间的另一个差异是兰氏焦虫侵入内皮细胞、红细胞和白细胞的能力。犬的实验性感染成功再现了自然疾病的临床表现和病理学特征。本文对犬兰氏焦虫病的流行病学、临床症状、实验室检查结果、包括氧化应激和免疫反应在内的发病机制、尸检结果、微观病变、诊断和治疗进行了综述。本文介绍了自一个多世纪前首次报道以来，目前对这种原生动物疾病的了解情况。
