Studies on structure-based sequence alignment and phylogenies of beta-lactamases.

The β-lactamases enzymes cleave the amide bond in β-lactam ring, rendering β-lactam antibiotics harmless to bacteria. In this communication we have studied structure-function relationship and phylogenies of class A, B and D beta-lactamases using structure-based sequence alignment and phylip programs respectively. The data of structure-based sequence alignment suggests that in different isolates of TEM-1, mutations did not occur at or near sequence motifs. Since deletions are reported to be lethal to structure and function of enzyme. Therefore, in these variants antibiotic hydrolysis profile and specificity will be affected. The alignment data of class A enzyme SHV-1, CTX-M-15, class D enzyme, OXA-10, and class B enzyme VIM-2 and SIM-1 show sequence motifs along with other part of polypeptide are essentially conserved. These results imply that conformations of betalactamases are close to native state and possess normal hydrolytic activities towards beta-lactam antibiotics. However, class B enzyme such as IMP-1 and NDM-1 are less conserved than other class A and D studied here because mutation and deletions occurred at critically important region such as active site. Therefore, the structure of these beta-lactamases will be altered and antibiotic hydrolysis profile will be affected. Phylogenetic studies suggest that class A and D beta-lactamases including TOHO-1 and OXA-10 respectively evolved by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) whereas other member of class A such as TEM-1 evolved by gene duplication mechanism. Taken together, these studies justify structure-function relationship of beta-lactamases and phylogenetic studies suggest these enzymes evolved by different mechanisms.