Department of Psychology, International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, Université de Montréal Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto, ON, Canada.
Front Psychol. 2014 Jun 12;5:582. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00582. eCollection 2014.
Although the relation between tonality and musical memory has been fairly well-studied, less is known regarding the contribution of tonal-schematic expectancies to this relation. Three experiments investigated the influence of tonal expectancies on memory for single tones in a tonal melodic context. In the first experiment, listener responses indicated superior recognition of both expected and unexpected targets in a major tonal context than for moderately expected targets. Importantly, and in support of previous work on false memories, listener responses also revealed a higher false alarm rate for expected than unexpected targets. These results indicate roles for tonal schematic congruency as well as distinctiveness in memory for melodic tones. The second experiment utilized minor melodies, which weakened tonal expectancies since the minor tonality can be represented in three forms simultaneously. Finally, tonal expectancies were abolished entirely in the third experiment through the use of atonal melodies. Accordingly, the expectancy-based results observed in the first experiment were disrupted in the second experiment, and disappeared in the third experiment. These results are discussed in light of schema theory, musical expectancy, and classic memory work on the availability and distinctiveness heuristics.
尽管音高与音乐记忆之间的关系已经得到了相当充分的研究，但对于音高图式期望对这种关系的贡献却知之甚少。三个实验研究了在旋律语境中，音高期望对单个音的记忆的影响。在第一个实验中，与在适度期望的目标相比，听众的反应表明，在大调旋律语境中，他们对期望的和意外的目标的识别能力都更好。重要的是，支持先前关于错误记忆的研究，听众的反应也显示出对期望的目标的假警报率高于对意外的目标。这些结果表明，在旋律音的记忆中，音高图式的一致性和独特性都起着作用。第二个实验使用了小调旋律，由于小调的调性可以同时以三种形式表示，因此削弱了音高的期望。最后，在第三个实验中，通过使用无调性旋律，完全消除了音高的期望。因此，在第一个实验中观察到的基于期望的结果在第二个实验中被打乱，而在第三个实验中则消失了。这些结果是根据图式理论、音乐期望以及关于可用性和独特性启发式的经典记忆研究进行讨论的。
