van den Akker Karolien, Havermans Remco C, Bouton Mark E, Jansen Anita
Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Appetite. 2014 Oct;81:242-52. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.024. Epub 2014 Jun 25.
Animals and humans can easily learn to associate an initially neutral cue with food intake through classical conditioning, but extinction of learned appetitive responses can be more difficult. Intermittent or partial reinforcement of food cues causes especially persistent behaviour in animals: after exposure to such learning schedules, the decline in responding that occurs during extinction is slow. After extinction, increases in responding with renewed reinforcement of food cues (reacquisition) might be less rapid after acquisition with partial reinforcement. In humans, it may be that the eating behaviour of some individuals resembles partial reinforcement schedules to a greater extent, possibly affecting dieting success by interacting with extinction and reacquisition. Furthermore, impulsivity has been associated with less successful dieting, and this association might be explained by impulsivity affecting the learning and extinction of appetitive responses. In the present two studies, the effects of different reinforcement schedules and impulsivity on the acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of appetitive responses were investigated in a conditioning paradigm involving food rewards in healthy humans. Overall, the results indicate both partial reinforcement schedules and, possibly, impulsivity to be associated with worse extinction performance. A new model of dieting success is proposed: learning histories and, perhaps, certain personality traits (impulsivity) can interfere with the extinction and reacquisition of appetitive responses to food cues and they may be causally related to unsuccessful dieting.
动物和人类可以通过经典条件作用轻松地学会将最初中性的线索与食物摄入联系起来，但消除习得的食欲反应可能会更加困难。对食物线索的间歇性或部分强化会导致动物出现特别持久的行为：在经历此类学习模式后，消退过程中反应的下降很缓慢。在消退之后，与部分强化习得相比，食物线索再次强化时（重新习得）反应的增加可能没那么快。在人类中，可能某些个体的饮食行为在更大程度上类似于部分强化模式，这可能通过与消退和重新习得相互作用来影响节食的成功。此外，冲动性与节食不太成功有关，这种关联可能是因为冲动性影响了食欲反应的学习和消退。在目前的两项研究中，在一个涉及对健康人类给予食物奖励的条件作用范式中，研究了不同强化模式和冲动性对食欲反应的习得、消退和重新习得的影响。总体而言，结果表明部分强化模式以及可能的冲动性都与较差的消退表现有关。提出了一种节食成功的新模型：学习经历以及或许某些人格特质（冲动性）会干扰对食物线索的食欲反应的消退和重新习得，并且它们可能与节食不成功存在因果关系。
