Navas Juan F, Torres Ana, Vilar Raquel, Verdejo-García Antonio, Catena Andrés, Perales José C
Experimental Psychology Department; Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment Department, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
J Gambl Stud. 2015 Dec;31(4):1545-60. doi: 10.1007/s10899-014-9482-1.
Recent research has proposed that altered reward and punishment sensitivity, heightened impulsivity, and faulty dynamic decision-making are at the core of disordered gambling. However, each of these traits and cognitive aspects dimensionally vary in the normal population, such that the link between individual differences in these dimensions and gambling use can be ultimately informative to explain disordered gambling. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of such decision-making-related indices to gambling use parameters in a community sample of college students. Assessment included punishment and reward sensitivity (as measured by the shortened Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire), impulsivity (as measured by the UPPS-P model and a motor inhibition Go/No-go task), and dynamic decision-making [as measured by the probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT)]. A structured interview was conducted to explore quantitative aspects of the participants gambling habits (gambling presence, gambling frequency, and average amount of money spent in gambling per unit of time). Our results showed the existence of a decision-making profile of gambling, as it naturally occurs in college students, in which sensation seeking is directly and specifically related to gambling presence (gambling, or not gambling at all), punishment sensitivity is inversely related to gambling frequency, and inflexibility in the PRLT specifically predicts the losses accrued because of gambling. These results are compatible with the idea that sensation seeking and punishment insensitivity could increase exposure to gambling activities, whereas reversal learning inflexibility, in people who already gamble, could boost the risk to accumulate losses.
近期研究表明，奖赏与惩罚敏感性改变、冲动性增强以及动态决策失误是赌博成瘾的核心因素。然而，这些特质和认知方面在正常人群中存在维度差异，因此这些维度上的个体差异与赌博行为之间的联系最终可能有助于解释赌博成瘾问题。本研究的主要目的是在大学生社区样本中，调查此类与决策相关的指标对赌博行为参数的影响。评估内容包括惩罚与奖赏敏感性（通过简化版的惩罚敏感性和奖赏敏感性问卷进行测量）、冲动性（通过UPPS-P模型和一项运动抑制的Go/No-go任务进行测量）以及动态决策（通过概率性反转学习任务进行测量）。通过结构化访谈来探究参与者赌博习惯的量化方面（是否参与赌博、赌博频率以及每单位时间赌博花费的平均金额）。我们的研究结果显示，在大学生中自然存在一种赌博的决策模式，其中寻求刺激与是否参与赌博直接且具体相关，惩罚敏感性与赌博频率呈负相关，概率性反转学习任务中的灵活性不足特别能预测因赌博产生的损失。这些结果与以下观点相符：寻求刺激和对惩罚不敏感可能会增加参与赌博活动的几率，而对于已经参与赌博的人来说，反转学习的灵活性不足可能会增加累积损失的风险。
