Lovasi Gina S, Eldred-Skemp Nicolia, Quinn James W, Chang Hsin-Wen, Rauh Virginia A, Rundle Andrew, Orjuela Manuela A, Perera Frederica P
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, Room 804, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
J Child Fam Stud. 2014 Jul 1;23(5):785-799. doi: 10.1007/s10826-013-9731-4.
Childhood cognitive and test-taking abilities have long-term implications for educational achievement and health, and may be influenced by household environmental exposures and neighborhood contexts. This study evaluates whether age 5 scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R, administered in English) are associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and neighborhood context variables including poverty, low educational attainment, low English language proficiency, and inadequate plumbing. The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health enrolled African-American and Dominican-American New York City women during pregnancy, and conducted follow-up for subsequent childhood health outcomes including cognitive test scores. Individual outcomes were linked to data characterizing 1-km network buffers around prenatal addresses, home observations, interviews, and prenatal PAH exposure data from personal air monitors. Prenatal PAH exposure above the median predicted 3.5 point lower total WPPSI-R scores and 3.9 point lower verbal scores; the association was similar in magnitude across models with adjustments for neighborhood characteristics. Neighborhood-level low English proficiency was independently associated with 2.3 point lower mean total WPPSI-R score, 1.2 point lower verbal score, and 2.7 point lower performance score per standard deviation. Low neighborhood-level educational attainment was also associated with 2.0 point lower performance scores. In models examining effect modification, neighborhood associations were similar or diminished among the high PAH exposure group, as compared with the low PAH exposure group. Early life exposure to personal PAH exposure or selected neighborhood-level social contexts may predict lower cognitive test scores. However, these results may reflect limited geographic exposure variation and limited generalizability.
儿童期的认知和应试能力对学业成就和健康具有长期影响，并且可能受到家庭环境暴露和邻里环境的影响。本研究评估了韦氏学前及初小儿童智力量表修订版（WPPSI-R，以英语施测）5岁时的得分是否与多环芳烃（PAH）暴露以及邻里环境变量相关，这些变量包括贫困、低教育程度、低英语水平和管道设施不完善。哥伦比亚儿童环境卫生中心在孕期招募了纽约市非裔美国人和多米尼加裔美国女性，并对随后的儿童健康结果进行随访，包括认知测试得分。个体结果与表征产前住址周围1公里网络缓冲区、家庭观察、访谈以及来自个人空气监测仪的产前PAH暴露数据的数据相关联。产前PAH暴露高于中位数预测WPPSI-R总分低3.5分，语言得分低3.9分；在对邻里特征进行调整的模型中，这种关联的程度相似。邻里层面的低英语水平与平均WPPSI-R总分每标准差低2.3分、语言得分低1.2分以及操作得分低2.7分独立相关。邻里层面的低教育程度也与操作得分低2.0分相关。在检验效应修饰的模型中，与低PAH暴露组相比，高PAH暴露组中邻里关联相似或减弱。生命早期暴露于个人PAH暴露或选定的邻里层面社会环境可能预示着较低的认知测试得分。然而，这些结果可能反映了有限的地理暴露差异和有限的可推广性。
