Bazak Remon, Houri Mohamad, El Achy Samar, Kamel Serag, Refaat Tamer
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015 May;141(5):769-84. doi: 10.1007/s00432-014-1767-3. Epub 2014 Jul 9.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, and thus, the scientific community has but great efforts to improve cancer management. Among the major challenges in cancer management is development of agents that can be used for early diagnosis and effective therapy. Conventional cancer management frequently lacks accurate tools for detection of early tumors and has an associated risk of serious side effects of chemotherapeutics. The need to optimize therapeutic ratio as the difference with which a treatment affects cancer cells versus healthy tissues lead to idea that it is needful to have a treatment that could act a the "magic bullet"-recognize cancer cells only. Nanoparticle platforms offer a variety of potentially efficient solutions for development of targeted agents that can be exploited for cancer diagnosis and treatment. There are two ways by which targeting of nanoparticles can be achieved, namely passive and active targeting. Passive targeting allows for the efficient localization of nanoparticles within the tumor microenvironment. Active targeting facilitates the active uptake of nanoparticles by the tumor cells themselves.
Relevant English electronic databases and scientifically published original articles and reviews were systematically searched for the purpose of this review.
In this report, we present a comprehensive review of literatures focusing on the active targeting of nanoparticles to cancer cells, including antibody and antibody fragment-based targeting, antigen-based targeting, aptamer-based targeting, as well as ligand-based targeting.
To date, the optimum targeting strategy has not yet been announced, each has its own advantages and disadvantages even though a number of them have found their way for clinical application. Perhaps, a combination of strategies can be employed to improve the precision of drug delivery, paving the way for a more effective personalized therapy.
癌症是主要的死亡原因之一，因此，科学界一直在努力改善癌症治疗。癌症治疗面临的主要挑战之一是开发可用于早期诊断和有效治疗的药物。传统的癌症治疗常常缺乏检测早期肿瘤的准确工具，并且存在化疗药物严重副作用的风险。由于治疗对癌细胞和健康组织的影响存在差异，需要优化治疗比率，这促使人们认为需要一种能够像“神奇子弹”一样仅识别癌细胞的治疗方法。纳米颗粒平台为开发可用于癌症诊断和治疗的靶向药物提供了多种潜在有效的解决方案。实现纳米颗粒靶向有两种方式，即被动靶向和主动靶向。被动靶向可使纳米颗粒在肿瘤微环境中有效定位。主动靶向则促进肿瘤细胞自身对纳米颗粒的主动摄取。
为撰写本综述，系统检索了相关英文电子数据库以及科学发表的原创文章和综述。
在本报告中，我们对聚焦纳米颗粒对癌细胞的主动靶向的文献进行了全面综述，包括基于抗体和抗体片段的靶向、基于抗原的靶向、基于适配体的靶向以及基于配体的靶向。
迄今为止，尚未公布最佳靶向策略，尽管其中一些已进入临床应用阶段，但每种策略都有其优缺点。或许，可以采用多种策略的组合来提高药物递送的精准度，为更有效的个性化治疗铺平道路。
