Jain Nitya, Walker W Allan
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 114, 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129-4404, USA.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Jan;12(1):14-25. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.153. Epub 2014 Sep 9.
Neonates face unique challenges in the period following birth. The postnatal immune system is in the early stages of development and has a range of functional capabilities that are distinct from the mature adult immune system. Bidirectional immune-microbial interactions regulate the development of mucosal immunity and alter the composition of the microbiota, which contributes to overall host well-being. In the past few years, nutrition has been highlighted as a third element in this interaction that governs host health by modulating microbial composition and the function of the immune system. Dietary changes and imbalances can disturb the immune-microbiota homeostasis, which might alter susceptibility to several autoimmune and metabolic diseases. Major changes in cultural traditions, socioeconomic status and agriculture are affecting the nutritional status of humans worldwide, which is altering core intestinal microbial communities. This phenomenon is especially relevant to the neonatal and paediatric populations, in which the microbiota and immune system are extremely sensitive to dietary influences. In this Review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding early-life nutrition, its effects on the microbiota and the consequences of diet-induced perturbation of the structure of the microbial community on mucosal immunity and disease susceptibility.
新生儿在出生后的这段时期面临着独特的挑战。出生后的免疫系统处于发育早期阶段，具有一系列与成熟成人免疫系统不同的功能能力。双向免疫-微生物相互作用调节黏膜免疫的发育，并改变微生物群的组成，这有助于宿主的整体健康。在过去几年中，营养已被视为这种相互作用中的第三个要素，它通过调节微生物组成和免疫系统功能来控制宿主健康。饮食变化和失衡会扰乱免疫-微生物群的稳态，这可能会改变对几种自身免疫性疾病和代谢性疾病的易感性。文化传统、社会经济地位和农业方面的重大变化正在影响全球人类的营养状况，这正在改变肠道核心微生物群落。这种现象在新生儿和儿童群体中尤为相关，其中微生物群和免疫系统对饮食影响极为敏感。在本综述中，我们讨论了关于生命早期营养的现有知识状态、其对微生物群的影响以及饮食引起的微生物群落结构扰动对黏膜免疫和疾病易感性的后果。
