Rönnau C G H, Verhaegh G W, Luna-Velez M V, Schalken J A
Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Post 267, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Department of Urology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Post 267, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:591703. doi: 10.1155/2014/591703. Epub 2014 Aug 28.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common diagnosed malignant disease in men worldwide. Although serum PSA test dramatically improved the early diagnosis of PCa, it also led to an overdiagnosis and as a consequence to an overtreatment of patients with an indolent disease. New biomarkers for diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring of the disease are needed. These biomarkers would enable the selection of patients with aggressive or progressive disease and, hence, would contribute to the implementation of individualized therapy of the cancer patient. Since the FDA approval of the long noncoding PCA3 RNA-based urine test for the diagnosis of PCa patients, many new noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) associated with PCa have been discovered. According to their size and function, ncRNAs can be divided into small and long ncRNAs. NcRNAs are expressed in (tumor) tissue, but many are also found in circulating tumor cells and in all body fluids as protein-bound or incorporated in extracellular vesicles. In these protected forms they are stable and so they can be easily analyzed, even in archival specimens. In this review, the authors will focus on ncRNAs as novel biomarker candidates for PCa diagnosis, prediction, prognosis, and monitoring of therapeutic response and discuss their potential for an implementation into clinical practice.
前列腺癌（PCa）是全球男性中第二常见的确诊恶性疾病。尽管血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）检测极大地改善了前列腺癌的早期诊断，但它也导致了过度诊断，进而导致对惰性疾病患者的过度治疗。因此，需要用于该疾病诊断、预测和监测的新生物标志物。这些生物标志物将有助于筛选出患有侵袭性或进展性疾病的患者，从而有助于实施癌症患者的个体化治疗。自美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准基于长链非编码PCA3 RNA的尿液检测用于前列腺癌患者的诊断以来，已发现许多与前列腺癌相关的新的非编码RNA（ncRNA）。根据其大小和功能，ncRNA可分为小ncRNA和长ncRNA。ncRNA在（肿瘤）组织中表达，但也有许多存在于循环肿瘤细胞以及所有体液中，它们以与蛋白质结合或包裹于细胞外囊泡的形式存在。以这些受保护的形式存在时，它们很稳定，因此即使在存档标本中也能很容易地进行分析。在本综述中，作者将重点关注ncRNA作为前列腺癌诊断、预测、预后以及治疗反应监测的新型生物标志物候选物，并讨论它们在临床实践中的应用潜力。
