Ilioi Elena Cristiana, Golombok Susan
Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK.
Hum Reprod Update. 2015 Jan-Feb;21(1):84-96. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmu051. Epub 2014 Oct 3.
Adolescence is a transitional time for identity formation and relationships with parents. While people born through assisted reproduction techniques (ART) appear to be well adjusted in childhood, it is unclear whether these findings carry into adolescence, and whether diverse ART have different psychological outcomes. This review summarizes what is known about the psychological adjustment and family relationships of the growing number of children born through ART who are reaching adolescence.
The Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO and Scopus databases were searched systematically for peer reviewed papers focusing on adolescent psychological adjustment and parent-adolescent relationships in families created by ART. Key search inclusion criteria included all papers published in English relating to adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years.
Seventeen publications with varied methodologies were identified by this review. Only papers relating to in vitro fertilization (IVF), egg donation and donor insemination were identified. Results were categorized according to ART that used the parents' own gametes (IVF) and those that involved reproductive donation (egg donation, and donor insemination). Compared with naturally conceived adolescents and standardized normative samples, adolescents born through all ARTs seemed to be equally well adjusted, and to have positive parent-adolescent relationships. Some differences were however identified based on the type of ART used. In particular, the sex of the parent and child, along with age and process of disclosure of the adolescent's conception were identified as key mediators of parent-adolescent relationships in families created by donor insemination.
The studies in this review indicate that children born through ART have positive parent-adolescent relationships and are well adjusted, with some slight differences based on different ART. The generalizability of findings may be limited by the general low level of disclosure to adolescents in some of the publications, the small sample sizes of studies in the field, along with the large age range that encompasses adolescence. Findings should also be interpreted in light of the fact that many publications focus on singleton births. Future studies should also focus on egg donation, surrogacy and embryo donation, as well as the disclosure processes, and adolescents born into non-traditional families (same-sex or single parents) or those born using different types of donor (anonymous, identity-release or known).
青春期是身份认同形成以及与父母关系发展的过渡时期。虽然通过辅助生殖技术（ART）出生的人在童年时期似乎适应良好，但尚不清楚这些结果是否会延续到青春期，以及不同的辅助生殖技术是否会产生不同的心理结果。本综述总结了关于越来越多通过辅助生殖技术出生且已步入青春期的儿童的心理调适和家庭关系的已知情况。
系统检索了PubMed、Web of Knowledge、PsycINFO和Scopus数据库，以查找关注辅助生殖技术所组建家庭中青少年心理调适和亲子关系的同行评审论文。关键检索纳入标准包括所有以英文发表的、与11至18岁青少年相关的论文。
本综述共识别出17篇采用不同方法的出版物。仅识别出与体外受精（IVF）、卵子捐赠和供精人工授精相关的论文。结果根据使用父母自身配子的辅助生殖技术（IVF）以及涉及生殖捐赠的技术（卵子捐赠和供精人工授精）进行分类。与自然受孕的青少年和标准化规范样本相比，通过所有辅助生殖技术出生的青少年似乎调适情况同样良好，且亲子关系积极。然而，根据所使用的辅助生殖技术类型也发现了一些差异。特别是，在供精人工授精所组建的家庭中，父母和孩子的性别、青少年受孕情况的披露年龄和过程被确定为亲子关系的关键调节因素。
本综述中的研究表明，通过辅助生殖技术出生的儿童亲子关系积极，适应良好，不同辅助生殖技术之间存在一些细微差异。由于部分出版物中向青少年披露信息的总体水平较低、该领域研究样本量较小以及涵盖青春期的年龄范围较大，研究结果的普遍性可能受到限制。鉴于许多出版物关注单胎分娩这一事实，研究结果也应予以解读。未来的研究还应关注卵子捐赠、代孕和胚胎捐赠，以及披露过程，以及出生于非传统家庭（同性或单亲家庭）的青少年或使用不同类型捐赠者（匿名、身份公开或已知）出生的青少年。
