Sagioglou Niki E, Manta Areti K, Giannarakis Ioannis K, Skouroliakou Aikaterini S, Margaritis Lukas H
a Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics , Faculty of Biology, University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens , Greece and.
b Department of Energy Technology Engineering , T.E.I. of Athens , Agiou Spyridonos , Aigaleo , Athens , Greece.
Electromagn Biol Med. 2016;35(1):40-53. doi: 10.3109/15368378.2014.971959. Epub 2014 Oct 21.
Present generations are being repeatedly exposed to different types and doses of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) from wireless technologies (FM radio, TETRA and TV stations, GSM and UMTS phones/base stations, Wi-Fi networks, DECT phones). Although there is controversy on the published data regarding the non-thermal effects of NIR, studies have convincingly demonstrated bioeffects. Their results indicate that modulation, intensity, exposure duration and model system are important factors determining the biological response to irradiation. Attempting to address the dependence of NIR bioeffectiveness on these factors, apoptosis in the model biological system Drosophila melanogaster was studied under different exposure protocols. A signal generator was used operating alternatively under Continuous Wave (CW) or Frequency Modulation (FM) emission modes, at three power output values (10 dB, 0, -10 dB), under four carrier frequencies (100, 395, 682, 900 MHz). Newly emerged flies were exposed either acutely (6 min or 60 min on the 6th day), or repeatedly (6 min or 60 min daily for the first 6 days of their life). All exposure protocols resulted in an increase of apoptotic cell death (ACD) observed in egg chambers, even at very low electric field strengths. FM waves seem to have a stronger effect in ACD than continuous waves. Regarding intensity and temporal exposure pattern, EMF-biological tissue interaction is not linear in response. Intensity threshold for the induction of biological effects depends on frequency, modulation and temporal exposure pattern with unknown so far mechanisms. Given this complexity, translating such experimental data into possible human exposure guidelines is yet arbitrary.
当代人反复接触来自无线技术（调频广播、TETRA和电视台、GSM和UMTS手机/基站、Wi-Fi网络、数字无绳电话）的不同类型和剂量的非电离辐射（NIR）。尽管关于NIR非热效应的已发表数据存在争议，但研究已令人信服地证明了其生物效应。他们的结果表明，调制、强度、暴露持续时间和模型系统是决定生物对辐射反应的重要因素。为了研究NIR生物有效性对这些因素的依赖性，在不同的暴露方案下，对模式生物系统黑腹果蝇中的细胞凋亡进行了研究。使用信号发生器，在连续波（CW）或调频（FM）发射模式下交替运行，有三个功率输出值（10 dB、0、-10 dB），四个载波频率（100、395、682、900 MHz）。新羽化的果蝇要么急性暴露（在第6天暴露6分钟或60分钟），要么反复暴露（在其生命的前6天每天暴露6分钟或60分钟）。所有暴露方案都导致在卵室中观察到凋亡细胞死亡（ACD）增加，即使在非常低的电场强度下也是如此。调频波似乎比连续波对ACD的影响更强。关于强度和时间暴露模式，电磁场与生物组织的相互作用在响应上不是线性的。诱导生物效应的强度阈值取决于频率、调制和时间暴露模式，目前机制尚不清楚。鉴于这种复杂性，将此类实验数据转化为可能的人体暴露指南仍然具有随意性。
