Bhatia Rajiv
Rajiv Bhatia (
Health Aff (Millwood). 2014 Nov;33(11):1914-22. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0661.
Neighborhood indicators are quantitative measures of neighborhood quality, including measures of attributes such as crime, noise, proximity to parks, transit services, social capital, and student performance. In 2007 the San Francisco Department of Public Health, with broad public input, developed a comprehensive system of neighborhood indicators to inform, influence, and monitor decisions made by the Department of City Planning and other community development institutions. Local public agencies, businesses, and citizens' groups used the indicators to identify disparities in environmental and social conditions, inform and shape neighborhood land use plans, select appropriate sites for development projects, craft new environmental regulations, and justify demands on developers to make financial contributions to community infrastructure. Among other things, the use of indicators contributed to policies to prevent residential displacement, a city ordinance requiring stricter building ventilation standards in areas with high air pollution, and the redeployment of traffic police to high-injury corridors. Data that can be used to create neighborhood indicators are increasingly available, and participation by public health and health care institutions in the indicators' development, dissemination, and application could help improve several conditions that contribute to poor population health.
社区指标是对社区质量的量化衡量，包括对犯罪、噪音、与公园的距离、交通服务、社会资本和学生成绩等属性的衡量。2007年，旧金山公共卫生部在广泛的公众参与下，开发了一个全面的社区指标系统，以告知、影响和监督城市规划部和其他社区发展机构所做的决策。当地公共机构、企业和公民团体利用这些指标来识别环境和社会条件方面的差异，为社区土地利用规划提供信息并塑造规划，为开发项目选择合适的地点，制定新的环境法规，并要求开发商为社区基础设施做出财政贡献。指标的使用促成了多项政策，包括防止居民流离失所的政策、一项要求在空气污染严重地区实施更严格建筑通风标准的城市条例，以及将交通警察重新部署到高伤害走廊。可用于创建社区指标的数据越来越多，公共卫生和医疗保健机构参与指标的制定、传播和应用有助于改善一些导致人群健康状况不佳的条件。
