Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Brown University
Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Brown University.
Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013 Jan;8(1):44-8. doi: 10.1177/1745691612469021.
One of the oldest questions in cognitive science is whether cognitive operations are modular or distributed across domains. We propose that fMRI has made a unique contribution to this question by elucidating the nature of structure-function relations. We focus our discussion on language, which is the classic domain for arguments in favor of domain specificity and a fixed neural architecture. We argue that fMRI has provided evidence for the idea that there is a dynamic functional architecture, rather than a fixed neural architecture, that emerges across the lifespan, pursuant to injury and in response to language experience. We use empirical examples to highlight how fMRI has helped restructure theory by shedding light on how functionally distinct modular components of the grammar can recruit some of the same neural regions, how areas considered to be domain-specific may be recruited in a domain-general fashion, and how language network specialization and left lateralization dynamically emerge in response to experience. fMRI provides a window into neural plasticity and dynamic functional organization not easily afforded by behavior alone.
认知科学中最古老的问题之一是认知操作是模块化的还是分布在各个领域的。我们提出，功能磁共振成像（fMRI）通过阐明结构-功能关系的本质，为这个问题做出了独特的贡献。我们将讨论的重点放在语言上，语言是支持领域特殊性和固定神经结构的经典论据。我们认为，fMRI 为这样一种观点提供了证据，即存在一种动态的功能结构，而不是一种固定的神经结构，这种结构会在整个生命周期中根据损伤和语言经验而出现。我们使用实证例子来说明 fMRI 如何通过揭示语法的功能上不同的模块化组件如何能够招募相同的神经区域，特定领域的区域如何以非特定领域的方式被招募，以及语言网络的专业化和左侧化如何在经验的影响下动态出现，从而帮助重构理论。fMRI 提供了一个了解神经可塑性和动态功能组织的窗口，这是仅凭行为难以实现的。
