Zhu Motao, Wang Rongfu, Nie Guangjun
a CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety ; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China ; Beijing , PR China.
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(9):2761-74. doi: 10.4161/hv.29589. Epub 2014 Nov 17.
Vaccine adjuvants are applied to amplify the recipient's specific immune responses against pathogen infection or malignancy. A new generation of adjuvants is being developed to meet the demands for more potent antigen-specific responses, specific types of immune responses, and a high margin of safety. Nanotechnology provides a multifunctional stage for the integration of desired adjuvant activities performed by the building blocks of tailor-designed nanoparticles. Using nanomaterials for antigen delivery can provide high bioavailability, sustained and controlled release profiles, and targeting and imaging properties resulting from manipulation of the nanomaterials' physicochemical properties. Moreover, the inherent immune-regulating activity of particular nanomaterials can further promote and shape the cellular and humoral immune responses toward desired types. The combination of both the delivery function and immunomodulatory effect of nanomaterials as adjuvants is thought to largely benefit the immune outcomes of vaccination. In this review, we will address the current achievements of nanotechnology in the development of novel adjuvants. The potential mechanisms by which nanomaterials impact the immune responses to a vaccine and how physicochemical properties, including size, surface charge and surface modification, impact their resulting immunological outcomes will be discussed. This review aims to provide concentrated information to promote new insights for the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
疫苗佐剂用于增强受者针对病原体感染或恶性肿瘤的特异性免疫反应。新一代佐剂正在研发中，以满足对更强效的抗原特异性反应、特定类型免疫反应及高安全性的需求。纳米技术为整合由定制纳米颗粒构建模块执行的所需佐剂活性提供了一个多功能平台。使用纳米材料进行抗原递送可提供高生物利用度、持续和可控的释放曲线，以及因纳米材料物理化学性质操控而产生的靶向和成像特性。此外，特定纳米材料固有的免疫调节活性可进一步促进并塑造针对所需类型的细胞免疫和体液免疫反应。纳米材料作为佐剂的递送功能和免疫调节作用相结合，被认为在很大程度上有利于疫苗接种的免疫效果。在本综述中，我们将阐述纳米技术在新型佐剂研发方面的当前成果。将讨论纳米材料影响疫苗免疫反应的潜在机制，以及包括尺寸、表面电荷和表面修饰在内的物理化学性质如何影响其产生的免疫学结果。本综述旨在提供集中信息，以促进新型疫苗佐剂研发的新见解。
