Hoang Anh Pham Thi, Thu Le Thi, Ross Hana, Quynh Anh Nguyen, Linh Bui Ngoc, Minh Nguyen Thac
HealthBridge Foundation of Canada, Hanoi, Vietnam.
SALDRU Research Affiliate, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa International Clinical Research Center Research Affiliate, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
Tob Control. 2016 Jan;25(1):96-100. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051821. Epub 2014 Dec 15.
To estimate the direct and indirect costs of active smoking in Vietnam.
A prevalence-based disease-specific cost of illness approach was utilised to calculate the costs related to five smoking-related diseases: lung cancer, cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Data on healthcare came from an original survey, hospital records and official government statistics. Morbidity and mortality due to smoking combined with the average per capita income were used to calculate the indirect costs of smoking by applying the human capital approach. The smoking-attributable fraction was calculated using the adjusted relative risk values from phase II of the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study (CPS-II). Costs were classified as personal, governmental and health insurance costs.
The total economic cost of smoking in 2011 was estimated at 24 679.9 billion Vietnamese dong (VND), equivalent to US$1173.2 million or approximately 0.97% of the 2011 gross domestic product. The direct costs of inpatient and outpatient care reached 9896.2 billion VND (US$470.4 million) and 2567.2 billion VND (US$122.0 million), respectively. The government's contribution to these costs was 4534.3 billion VND (US$215.5 million), which was equivalent to 5.76% of its 2011 healthcare budget. The indirect costs (productivity loss) due to morbidity and mortality were 2652.9 billion VND (US$126.1 million) and 9563.5 billion VND (US$454.6 million), respectively. These indirect costs represent about 49.5% of the total costs of smoking.
Tobacco consumption has large negative consequences on the Vietnamese economy.
估算越南主动吸烟造成的直接和间接成本。
采用基于患病率的特定疾病疾病成本法，计算与五种吸烟相关疾病相关的成本：肺癌、上呼吸道消化道癌症、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、缺血性心脏病和中风。医疗保健数据来自一项原始调查、医院记录和政府官方统计数据。吸烟导致的发病率和死亡率与人均收入相结合，通过应用人力资本法来计算吸烟的间接成本。使用美国癌症协会癌症预防研究（CPS-II）第二阶段的调整后相对风险值计算吸烟归因比例。成本分为个人、政府和医疗保险成本。
2011年吸烟的总经济成本估计为246799亿越南盾（约合1.1732亿美元，约占2011年国内生产总值的0.97%）。住院和门诊护理的直接成本分别达到98962亿越南盾（4.704亿美元）和25672亿越南盾（1.22亿美元）。政府对这些成本的贡献为45343亿越南盾（2.155亿美元），相当于其2011年医疗保健预算的5.76%。因发病和死亡导致的间接成本（生产力损失）分别为26529亿越南盾（1.261亿美元）和95635亿越南盾（4.546亿美元）。这些间接成本约占吸烟总成本的49.5%。
烟草消费对越南经济有巨大的负面影响。
