Calabrese Edward J
Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA,
Arch Toxicol. 2015 Apr;89(4):649-50. doi: 10.1007/s00204-015-1455-3. Epub 2015 Jan 20.
The NAS Genetics Panel (1956) recommended a switch from a threshold to a linear dose response for radiation risk assessment. To support this recommendation, geneticists on the panel provided individual estimates of the number of children in subsequent generations (one to ten) that would be adversely affected due to transgenerational reproductive cell mutations. It was hoped that there would be close agreement among the individual risk estimates. However, extremely large ranges of variability and uncertainty characterized the wildly divergent expert estimates. The panel members believed that sharing these estimates with the scientific community and general public would strongly undercut their linearity recommendation, as it would have only highlighted their own substantial uncertainties. Essentially, their technical report in the journal Science omitted and misrepresented key adverse reproductive findings in an effort to ensure support for their linearity recommendation. These omissions and misrepresentations not only belie the notion of an impartial and independent appraisal by the NAS Panel, but also amount to falsification and fabrication of the research record at the highest possible level, leading ultimately to the adoption of LNT by governments worldwide. Based on previously unexamined correspondence among panel members and Genetics Panel meeting transcripts, this paper provides the first documentation of these historical developments.
美国国家科学院遗传学小组(1956年)建议在辐射风险评估中从阈值剂量反应转变为线性剂量反应。为支持这一建议,该小组的遗传学家提供了对后代(一到十代)中因跨代生殖细胞突变而受到不利影响的儿童数量的个人估计。人们希望个人风险估计之间能有密切的一致性。然而,极大的变异性和不确定性范围是专家们差异极大的估计的特征。小组成员认为,与科学界和公众分享这些估计会严重削弱他们的线性建议,因为这只会突出他们自己的重大不确定性。本质上,他们发表在《科学》杂志上的技术报告省略并歪曲了关键的不良生殖研究结果,以努力确保对其线性建议的支持。这些遗漏和歪曲不仅掩盖了美国国家科学院小组公正独立评估的概念,而且相当于在尽可能高的层面上伪造和编造研究记录,最终导致全球各国政府采用线性无阈模型。基于此前未审查的小组成员之间的通信和遗传学小组会议记录,本文首次记录了这些历史发展情况。