Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Obes Rev. 2015 Feb;16 Suppl 1:67-76. doi: 10.1111/obr.12257.
Exercise is widely regarded as one of the most valuable components of behaviour that can influence body weight and therefore help in the prevention and management of obesity. Indeed, long-term controlled trials show a clear dose-related effect of exercise on body weight. However, there is a suspicion, particularly fuelled by media reports, that exercise serves to increase hunger and drive up food intake thereby nullifying the energy expended through activity. Not everyone performing regular exercise will lose weight and several investigations have demonstrated a huge individual variability in the response to exercise regimes. What accounts for this heterogeneous response? First, exercise (or physical activity) through the expenditure of energy will influence the energy balance equation with the potential to generate an energy deficit. However, energy expenditure also influences the control of appetite (i.e. the physiological and psychological regulatory processes underpinning feeding) and energy intake. This dynamic interaction means that the prediction of a resultant shift in energy balance, and therefore weight change, will be complicated. In changing energy intake, exercise will impact on the biological mechanisms controlling appetite. It is becoming recognized that the major influences on the expression of appetite arise from fat-free mass and fat mass, resting metabolic rate, gastric adjustment to ingested food, changes in episodic peptides including insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and tyrosine-tyrosine, as well as tonic peptides such as leptin. Moreover, there is evidence that exercise will influence all of these components that, in turn, will influence the drive to eat through the modulation of hunger (a conscious sensation reflecting a mental urge to eat) and adjustments in postprandial satiety via an interaction with food composition. The specific actions of exercise on each physiological component will vary in strength from person to person (according to individual physiological characteristics) and with the intensity and duration of exercise. Therefore, individual responses to exercise will be highly variable and difficult to predict.
运动被广泛认为是影响体重的最有价值的行为因素之一，有助于预防和控制肥胖。事实上，长期的对照试验表明，运动对体重有明显的剂量相关效应。然而，有一种怀疑，特别是媒体报道助长了这种怀疑，即运动增加饥饿感，促进食物摄入，从而抵消了通过活动消耗的能量。并非每个经常锻炼的人都会减肥，一些调查表明，运动对锻炼计划的反应存在巨大的个体差异。是什么导致了这种异质性反应？首先，通过消耗能量来运动（或进行体力活动）会影响能量平衡方程，从而有可能产生能量不足。然而，能量消耗也会影响食欲的控制（即支持进食的生理和心理调节过程）和能量摄入。这种动态相互作用意味着，对能量平衡变化的预测，以及体重变化的预测，将变得复杂。在改变能量摄入的过程中，运动将影响控制食欲的生物学机制。人们越来越认识到，控制食欲的主要影响因素来自去脂体重和脂肪量、静息代谢率、胃对摄入食物的调整、包括胰岛素、胃饥饿素、胆囊收缩素、胰高血糖素样肽-1 和酪酪肽在内的间歇性肽的变化，以及瘦素等紧张肽。此外，有证据表明，运动将影响所有这些因素，这些因素反过来又会通过调节饥饿感（反映进食心理冲动的有意识感觉）和通过与食物成分的相互作用来调整餐后饱腹感来影响进食的动力。运动对每个生理成分的具体作用的强度因人而异（根据个体的生理特征），并随运动强度和持续时间的变化而变化。因此，个体对运动的反应会高度可变，难以预测。
