Trainor Laurel J
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Mar 19;370(1664):20140089. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0089.
Whether music was an evolutionary adaptation that conferred survival advantages or a cultural creation has generated much debate. Consistent with an evolutionary hypothesis, music is unique to humans, emerges early in development and is universal across societies. However, the adaptive benefit of music is far from obvious. Music is highly flexible, generative and changes rapidly over time, consistent with a cultural creation hypothesis. In this paper, it is proposed that much of musical pitch and timing structure adapted to preexisting features of auditory processing that evolved for auditory scene analysis (ASA). Thus, music may have emerged initially as a cultural creation made possible by preexisting adaptations for ASA. However, some aspects of music, such as its emotional and social power, may have subsequently proved beneficial for survival and led to adaptations that enhanced musical behaviour. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic evidence is considered in this regard. In particular, enhanced auditory-motor pathways in humans that enable movement entrainment to music and consequent increases in social cohesion, and pathways enabling music to affect reward centres in the brain should be investigated as possible musical adaptations. It is concluded that the origins of music are complex and probably involved exaptation, cultural creation and evolutionary adaptation.
音乐究竟是一种赋予生存优势的进化适应，还是一种文化创造，这引发了诸多争论。与进化假说一致的是，音乐是人类独有的，在发育早期出现且在社会中普遍存在。然而，音乐的适应性益处远非显而易见。音乐具有高度的灵活性、生成性且随时间快速变化，这与文化创造假说相符。本文提出，音乐的音高和节奏结构大多适应了为听觉场景分析（ASA）而进化的听觉处理的既有特征。因此，音乐最初可能是作为一种由为ASA而存在的既有适应所促成的文化创造而出现的。然而，音乐的某些方面，比如其情感和社会力量，随后可能被证明对生存有益，并导致了增强音乐行为的适应。在这方面会考虑个体发育和系统发育的证据。特别是，应该研究人类中增强的听觉 - 运动通路，它能使动作与音乐同步并进而增强社会凝聚力，以及使音乐能够影响大脑奖励中枢的通路，将其作为可能的音乐适应。结论是，音乐的起源很复杂，可能涉及扩展适应、文化创造和进化适应。
