Mobbs Dean, Hagan Cindy C, Yu Rongjun, Takahashi Hidehiko, FeldmanHall Oriel, Calder Andrew J, Dalgleish Tim
Columbia University, Department of Psychology, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK,
Columbia University, Department of Psychology, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK,
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2015 Oct;10(10):1323-8. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv020. Epub 2015 Feb 19.
Despite the risks, people enjoy giving advice. One explanation is that giving beneficial advice can result in reflected glory, ego boosts or reputation enhancement. However, giving poor advice can be socially harmful (being perceived as incompetent or untrustworthy). In both circumstances, we have a vested interest in the advice follower's success or failure, especially when it reflects specifically on us compared with when it is diffused between multiple advisors. We examined these dynamics using an Advisor-Advisee Game, where subjects acted as an Advisor to a confederate Advisee who selected one of the three options when trying to win money: accept the subject's advice, accept the advice of a second confederate Advisor or accept both Advisors' advice. Results showed that having one's advice accepted, compared with being rejected, resulted in activity in the ventral striatum--a core reward area. Furthermore, the ventral striatum was only active when the subject's advice led to the advisee winning, and not when the advisee won based on the confederate's advice. Finally, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) was more active when the Advisee won or lost money based solely on the subject's advice compared with when the second Advisor's advice was accepted. One explanation for these findings is that the MPFC monitors self-relevant social information, while the ventral striatum is active when others accept advice and when their success leads to reflected glory.
尽管存在风险，但人们还是喜欢给出建议。一种解释是，给出有益的建议可以带来荣耀感、增强自我或提升声誉。然而，给出糟糕的建议可能会对社会造成危害（被认为不称职或不值得信任）。在这两种情况下，我们都对接受建议者的成败有着既得利益，尤其是当它特别反映在我们身上时，相比之下，当它在多个建议者之间分散时则不然。我们使用一个“建议者 - 被建议者游戏”来研究这些动态，在这个游戏中，受试者充当一个同盟被建议者的建议者，该被建议者在试图赢钱时从三个选项中选择一个：接受受试者的建议、接受第二个同盟建议者的建议或接受两个建议者的建议。结果表明，与被拒绝相比，自己的建议被接受会导致腹侧纹状体——一个核心奖励区域——产生活动。此外，只有当受试者的建议导致被建议者获胜时，腹侧纹状体才会活跃，而当被建议者基于同盟的建议获胜时则不然。最后，与接受第二个建议者的建议相比，当被建议者完全基于受试者的建议赢钱或输钱时，内侧前额叶皮质（MPFC）更活跃。对这些发现的一种解释是，MPFC监测与自我相关的社会信息，而当他人接受建议并且他们的成功带来荣耀感时，腹侧纹状体就会活跃。
