Lessen Rachelle, Kavanagh Katherine
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN.
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 Mar;115(3):444-449. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.014.
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that exclusive breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and health protection for the first 6 months of life, and that breastfeeding with complementary foods from 6 months until at least 12 months of age is the ideal feeding pattern for infants. Breastfeeding is an important public health strategy for improving infant and child morbidity and mortality, improving maternal morbidity, and helping to control health care costs. Research continues to support the positive effects of human milk on infant and maternal health, as it is a living biological fluid with many qualities not replicable by human milk substitutes. Recent research advancements include a greater understanding of the human gut microbiome, the protective effect of human milk for premature infants and those born to women experiencing gestational diabetes mellitus, the relationship of breastfeeding with human immunodeficiency virus, and the increased ability to characterize cellular components of human milk. Registered dietitian nutritionists and nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered, should continue efforts to shift the norm of infant feeding away from use of human milk substitutes and toward human milk feeds. The role of registered dietitian nutritionists and nutrition and dietetics technicians, registered, in breastfeeding promotion and support, in the context of the professional code of ethics and the World Health Organization's International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes, are discussed in the "Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Promoting and Supporting Breastfeeding," published on the Academy website at: www.eatright.org/positions.
营养与饮食学会的立场是，纯母乳喂养可在婴儿出生后的前6个月提供最佳营养和健康保护，而从6个月起至至少12个月大时母乳喂养并添加辅食是婴儿理想的喂养模式。母乳喂养是一项重要的公共卫生策略，有助于降低婴幼儿发病率和死亡率，改善孕产妇健康状况，并有助于控制医疗保健成本。研究继续支持母乳对婴儿和母亲健康的积极影响，因为母乳是一种具有多种特性的生物活性液体，这些特性是母乳替代品无法复制的。最近的研究进展包括对人类肠道微生物群有了更深入的了解、母乳对早产儿和患有妊娠期糖尿病的母亲所生婴儿的保护作用、母乳喂养与人类免疫缺陷病毒的关系，以及对母乳细胞成分进行表征的能力有所提高。注册营养师和注册营养与饮食技师应继续努力，将婴儿喂养的规范从使用母乳替代品转向母乳喂养。注册营养师和注册营养与饮食技师在促进和支持母乳喂养方面的作用，在职业道德规范和世界卫生组织《母乳代用品销售国际守则》的背景下，在营养与饮食学会网站（www.eatright.org/positions）上发表的《营养与饮食学会实践文件：促进和支持母乳喂养》中进行了讨论。
