Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2015 Mar 12;6:284. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00284. eCollection 2015.
We investigate the timing of pre-answer inbreaths in order to shed light on the time course of response planning and execution in conversational turn-taking. Using acoustic and inductive plethysmography recordings of seven dyadic conversations in Dutch, we show that pre-answer inbreaths in conversation typically begin briefly after the end of questions. We also show that the presence of a pre-answer inbreath usually co-occurs with substantially delayed answers, with a modal latency of 576 vs. 100 ms for answers not preceded by an inbreath. Based on previously reported minimal latencies for internal intercostal activation and the production of speech sounds, we propose that vocal responses, either in the form of a pre-utterance inbreath or of speech proper when an inbreath is not produced, are typically launched in reaction to information present in the last portion of the interlocutor's turn. We also show that short responses are usually made on residual breath, while longer responses are more often preceded by an inbreath. This relation of inbreaths to answer length suggests that by the time an inbreath is launched, typically during the last few hundred milliseconds of the question, the length of the answer is often prepared to some extent. Together, our findings are consistent with a two-stage model of response planning in conversational turn-taking: early planning of content often carried out in overlap with the incoming turn, and late launching of articulation based on the identification of turn-final cues.
我们研究了预答吸气的时间，以便深入了解会话中回答规划和执行的时间进程。通过对荷兰 7 对对话的声学和感应体积描记法记录，我们表明，对话中的预答吸气通常在问题结束后不久开始。我们还表明，预答吸气的存在通常与回答的显著延迟同时发生，有吸气的回答的模态潜伏期为 576 毫秒，而没有吸气的回答的潜伏期为 100 毫秒。基于先前报道的肋间内激活和言语声音产生的最小潜伏期，我们提出，发声反应，无论是在吸气前的预发音吸气形式还是在没有吸气时的言语形式，通常是针对对话者话语的最后部分中的信息而启动的。我们还表明，短的回答通常在剩余的呼吸中完成，而较长的回答则更常以前吸为先导。吸气与回答长度的这种关系表明，到吸气启动时，通常在问题的最后几百毫秒内，回答的长度已经在一定程度上准备好了。总的来说，我们的发现与会话中回答规划的两阶段模型一致：内容的早期规划通常与传入的话语重叠进行，而后期的发音启动则基于对话语结束线索的识别。
