Barthel Mathias, Meyer Antje S, Levinson Stephen C
Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegen, Netherlands.
Psychology of Language Department, Max Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegen, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2017 Apr 11;8:393. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00393. eCollection 2017.
In conversation, turn-taking is usually fluid, with next speakers taking their turn right after the end of the previous turn. Most, but not all, previous studies show that next speakers start to plan their turn early, if possible already during the incoming turn. The present study makes use of the list-completion paradigm (Barthel et al., 2016), analyzing speech onset latencies and eye-movements of participants in a task-oriented dialogue with a confederate. The measures are used to disentangle the contributions to the timing of turn-taking of early planning of content on the one hand and initiation of articulation as a reaction to the upcoming turn-end on the other hand. Participants named objects visible on their computer screen in response to utterances that did, or did not, contain lexical and prosodic cues to the end of the incoming turn. In the presence of an early lexical cue, participants showed earlier gaze shifts toward the target objects and responded faster than in its absence, whereas the presence of a late intonational cue only led to faster response times and did not affect the timing of participants' eye movements. The results show that with a combination of eye-movement and turn-transition time measures it is possible to tease apart the effects of early planning and response initiation on turn timing. They are consistent with models of turn-taking that assume that next speakers (a) start planning their response as soon as the incoming turn's message can be understood and (b) monitor the incoming turn for cues to turn-completion so as to initiate their response when turn-transition becomes relevant.
在对话中，话轮转换通常很流畅，下一个说话者会在上一轮结束后立即接过话轮。大多数（但并非所有）先前的研究表明，下一个说话者会尽早开始计划自己的话轮，如果可能的话，甚至在传入话轮期间就开始。本研究采用了列表完成范式（Barthel等人，2016），分析了参与者在与一名同谋进行的任务导向对话中的言语起始潜伏期和眼动情况。这些测量方法用于区分一方面对内容的早期计划对话轮转换时间的影响，以及另一方面作为对即将到来的话轮结束的反应而开始发音的影响。参与者根据传入话轮结束时是否包含词汇和韵律线索的话语，说出在他们电脑屏幕上可见的物体。在存在早期词汇线索的情况下，参与者比没有该线索时更早地将目光转向目标物体并做出更快的反应，而后期语调线索的存在只会导致更快的反应时间，并且不会影响参与者眼动的时间。结果表明，结合眼动和话轮转换时间测量方法，可以区分早期计划和反应启动对话轮时间的影响。它们与话轮转换模型一致，该模型假设下一个说话者（a）一旦能够理解传入话轮的信息就开始计划自己的回应，并且（b）监测传入话轮以获取话轮结束的线索，以便在话轮转换变得相关时启动他们的回应。
