Anderson Neil E, Mubanga Joseph, Machila Noreen, Atkinson Peter M, Dzingirai Vupenyu, Welburn Susan C
The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
Parasit Vectors. 2015 Apr 15;8:224. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0827-0.
The Luangwa Valley has a long historical association with Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and is a recognised geographical focus of this disease. It is also internationally acclaimed for its high biodiversity and contains many valuable habitats. Local inhabitants of the valley have developed sustainable land use systems in co-existence with wildlife over centuries, based on non-livestock keeping practices largely due to the threat from African Animal Trypanosomiasis. Historical epidemics of human sleeping sickness have influenced how and where communities have settled and have had a profound impact on development in the Valley. Historical attempts to control trypanosomiasis have also had a negative impact on conservation of biodiversity.Centralised control over wildlife utilisation has marginalised local communities from managing the wildlife resource. To some extent this has been reversed by the implementation of community based natural resource management programmes in the latter half of the 20(th) century and the Luangwa Valley provides some of the earliest examples of such programmes. More recently, there has been significant uncontrolled migration of people into the mid-Luangwa Valley driven by pressure on resources in the eastern plateau region, encouragement from local chiefs and economic development in the tourist centre of Mfuwe. This has brought changing land-use patterns, most notably agricultural development through livestock keeping and cotton production. These changes threaten to alter the endemically stable patterns of HAT transmission and could have significant impacts on ecosystem health and ecosystem services.In this paper we review the history of HAT in the context of conservation and development and consider the impacts current changes may have on this complex social-ecological system. We conclude that improved understanding is required to identify specific circumstances where win-win trade-offs can be achieved between the conservation of biodiversity and the reduction of disease in the human population.
卢安瓜山谷与人类非洲锥虫病（昏睡病）有着悠久的历史渊源，是该疾病公认的地理疫源地。它还因其高度的生物多样性而在国际上受到赞誉，拥有许多珍贵的栖息地。几个世纪以来，山谷的当地居民基于主要因非洲动物锥虫病的威胁而形成的非畜牧养殖方式，与野生动物共同发展出了可持续的土地利用系统。人类昏睡病的历史疫情影响了社区的定居方式和地点，并对山谷的发展产生了深远影响。历史上控制锥虫病的尝试也对生物多样性保护产生了负面影响。对野生动物利用的集中控制使当地社区在管理野生动物资源方面被边缘化。在某种程度上，20世纪后半叶实施的基于社区的自然资源管理计划扭转了这种局面，卢安瓜山谷提供了一些此类计划的早期范例。最近，由于东部高原地区的资源压力以及当地酋长的鼓励和姆富韦旅游中心的经济发展，大量人口不受控制地涌入卢安瓜山谷中部。这带来了不断变化的土地利用模式，最显著的是通过畜牧养殖和棉花生产实现的农业发展。这些变化有可能改变昏睡病传播的地方性稳定模式，并可能对生态系统健康和生态系统服务产生重大影响。在本文中，我们在保护与发展的背景下回顾了昏睡病的历史，并考虑当前变化可能对这个复杂的社会生态系统产生的影响。我们得出结论，需要更好地理解，以确定在生物多样性保护和减少人类疾病之间能够实现双赢权衡的具体情况。
