Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2015 Aug;118:98-102. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.019. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
Ammonia (un-ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen), the end product of protein catabolism, is produced by decomposing organic matter. In aquaculture, shrimp are commonly exposed to high concentrations of ammonia that induces immunological and histological changes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on hemolymph coagulation time, transglutaminase (TG) activity as well as TG and clottable protein (CP) genes expressions in Litopenaeus vannamei when exposed to ambient ammonia-nitrogen (N) at 0, 1, 5, and 10mg/L for 0, 2, and 7 days. The actual concentrations in control and tests solution were 0.001, 1.15, 5.11, and 11.68mg/L for ammonia-N, and 7×10(-5), 0.080, 0.357, and 0.815mg/L for NH3-N (unionized ammonia). Delayed coagulation time following exposure to 5 and 10mg/L of ambient ammonia-N for 7 days, and increased transglutaminase (TG) activity following exposure to 5 and 1mg/L of ambient ammonia-N for 2 and 7 days, respectively, were observed. Downregulated TG expression and upregulated clottable protein (CP) expression in the hemocytes of L. vannamei exposed to 10 and 5mg/L of ambient ammonia-N for 2 and 7 days, respectively, were shown. These results indicated that ambient ammonia-N (>5mg/L) and NH3-N (>0.357mg/L) interrupted coagulation and down-regulated TG gene expression in L. vannamei, which caused ecotoxicity on immune deficiencies and may contribute the increased susceptibility to infection by pathogens.
氨（非离子氨加上离子氨中的氮）是蛋白质分解代谢的终产物，由有机物分解产生。在水产养殖中，虾类通常会暴露在高浓度的氨中，这会导致其产生免疫和组织学变化。本研究的目的是评估在环境氨氮（N）浓度分别为 0、1、5 和 10mg/L 下，暴露 0、2 和 7 天对凡纳滨对虾血淋巴凝固时间、转谷氨酰胺酶（TG）活性以及 TG 和可凝固蛋白（CP）基因表达的影响。在对照和试验溶液中，氨氮的实际浓度分别为 0.001、1.15、5.11 和 11.68mg/L，非离子氨（NH3-N）的实际浓度分别为 7×10(-5)、0.080、0.357 和 0.815mg/L。暴露于 5 和 10mg/L 环境氨氮 7 天后，凝血时间延迟，暴露于 5 和 1mg/L 环境氨氮 2 和 7 天后，转谷氨酰胺酶（TG）活性分别增加。暴露于 10 和 5mg/L 环境氨氮 2 和 7 天后，凡纳滨对虾血细胞中 TG 表达下调，可凝固蛋白（CP）表达上调。这些结果表明，环境氨氮（>5mg/L）和 NH3-N（>0.357mg/L）中断了凡纳滨对虾的凝血过程，并下调了 TG 基因表达，导致其免疫功能缺陷，增加了对病原体感染的易感性。
