Chaffin R, Herrmann D J
Department of Psychology, Trenton State College.
J Gen Psychol. 1989 Oct;116(4):393-406. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1989.9921126.
Undergraduate students were presented with word pairs (e.g., egg-yolk) and were timed as they decided whether one word named part of the thing named by the other word. In Experiment 1, "no" responses to nonpart pairs (e.g., fish-flaps) were slowed by the similarity of the stimulus part (flaps) to a part that the stimulus object did possess (fins). This suggested that decisions were made by retrieving parts of the stimulus object from memory and comparing them to the stimulus part. Whereas the parts used as stimuli in Experiment 1 were nonspecific, belonging to several different types of object (e.g., wheel), those selected for Experiment 2 were specific to a single type of object (e.g., thumb). In Experiment 2, "no" responses to nonpart pairs (e.g., foot-thumb) were slowed by similarity of the stimulus object (foot) to an object that the stimulus part (thumb) belonged to (hand). This suggested that decisions were made by retrieving the object to which the stimulus part belonged and comparing it to the stimulus object. The results support a hybrid model of part-whole decisions that includes directed retrieval of relational knowledge from memory and a comparison process.
给本科生呈现单词对（例如，蛋黄），并记录他们判断一个单词是否命名了另一个单词所命名事物的一部分时所用的时间。在实验1中，对非部分对（例如，鱼-鳍）的“否”反应因刺激部分（鳍）与刺激对象确实拥有的一个部分（鳍）的相似性而变慢。这表明决策是通过从记忆中检索刺激对象的部分并将它们与刺激部分进行比较来做出的。实验1中用作刺激的部分是非特定的，属于几种不同类型的对象（例如，轮子），而实验2中选择的部分则特定于单一类型的对象（例如，拇指）。在实验2中，对非部分对（例如，脚-拇指）的“否”反应因刺激对象（脚）与刺激部分（拇指）所属对象（手）的相似性而变慢。这表明决策是通过检索刺激部分所属的对象并将其与刺激对象进行比较来做出的。结果支持了一个部分-整体决策的混合模型，该模型包括从记忆中定向检索关系知识和一个比较过程。
