Chaffin R
Department of Psychology, Trenton State College, NJ 08650, USA.
Mem Cognit. 1997 Mar;25(2):203-26. doi: 10.3758/bf03201113.
Five experiments were designed to examine whether subjects attend to different aspects of meaning for familiar and unfamiliar words. In Experiments 1-3, subjects gave free associations to high- and low-familiarity words from the same taxonomic category (e.g., seltzer: sarsparilla; Experiment 1), from the same noun synonym set (e.g., baby: neonate; Experiment 2), and from the same verb synonym set (e.g., abscond: escape; Experiment 3). In Experiments 4 and 5, subjects first read a context sentence containing the stimulus word and then gave associations; stimuli were novel words or either high- or low-familiarity nouns. Low-familiarity and novel words elicited more nonsemantically based responses (e.g., engram:graham) than did high-familiarity words. Of the responses semantically related to the stimulus, low-familiarity and novel words elicited a higher proportion of definitional responses [category (e.g., sarsparilla:soda), synonym (e.g., neonate:newborn), and coordinate (e.g., armoire: dresser)], whereas high-familiarity stimuli elicited a higher proportion of event-based responses [thematic (e.g., seltzer:glass) and noun:verb (e.g., baby:cry)]. Unfamiliar words appear to elicit a shift of attentional resources from relations useful in understanding the message to relations useful in understanding the meaning of the unfamiliar word.
设计了五项实验来检验受试者是否会关注熟悉和不熟悉单词意义的不同方面。在实验1 - 3中，受试者对来自相同分类范畴（如，苏打水：菝葜根汽水；实验1）、相同名词同义词集（如，婴儿：新生儿；实验2）以及相同动词同义词集（如，潜逃：逃跑；实验3）的高熟悉度和低熟悉度单词进行自由联想。在实验4和5中，受试者首先阅读包含刺激词的上下文句子，然后进行联想；刺激词为新单词或高熟悉度或低熟悉度名词。与高熟悉度单词相比，低熟悉度和新单词引发的基于非语义的反应（如，记忆痕迹：格雷厄姆）更多。在与刺激词语义相关的反应中，低熟悉度和新单词引发的定义性反应[类别（如，菝葜根汽水：苏打水）、同义词（如，新生儿：新生婴儿）和并列词（如，衣橱：梳妆台）]比例更高，而高熟悉度刺激词引发的基于事件的反应[主题（如，苏打水：玻璃杯）和名词 - 动词（如，婴儿：哭泣）]比例更高。不熟悉的单词似乎会引发注意力资源从有助于理解信息的关系转移到有助于理解不熟悉单词意义的关系上。
