Hadrup Niels, Sharma Anoop K, Poulsen Morten, Nielsen Elsa
Division of Food Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK 2860 Søborg, Denmark.
Division of Food Health and Environment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK 2860 Søborg, Denmark.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015 Jul;72(2):216-21. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.04.017. Epub 2015 Apr 27.
Elemental gold is used as a food coloring agent and in dental fillings. In addition, gold nanoparticles are gaining increasing attention due to their potential use as inert carriers for medical purposes. Although elemental gold is considered to be inert, there is evidence to suggest the release of gold ions from its surface. Elemental gold, or the released ions, is, to some extent, absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Gold is distributed to organs such as the liver, heart, kidneys and lungs. The main excretion route of absorbed gold is through urine. Data on the oral toxicity of elemental gold is limited. The acute toxicity of elemental gold seems to be low, as rats were unaffected by a single dose of 2000mg nanoparticles/kg of body weight. Information on repeated dose toxicity is very limited. Skin rashes have been reported in humans following the ingestion of liquors containing gold. In addition, gold released from dental restorations has been reported to increase the risk of developing gold hypersensitivity. Regarding genotoxicity, in vitro studies indicate that gold nanoparticles induce DNA damage in mammalian cells. In vivo, gold nanoparticles induce genotoxic effects in Drosophila melanogaster; however, genotoxicity studies in mammals are lacking. Overall, based on the literature and taking low human exposure into account, elemental gold via the oral route is not considered to pose a health concern to humans in general.
元素金被用作食品着色剂和用于补牙。此外，金纳米颗粒因其作为医疗用途的惰性载体的潜在用途而受到越来越多的关注。尽管元素金被认为是惰性的，但有证据表明金离子会从其表面释放。元素金或释放出的离子在一定程度上会被胃肠道吸收。金会分布到肝脏、心脏、肾脏和肺等器官。吸收的金的主要排泄途径是通过尿液。关于元素金口服毒性的数据有限。元素金的急性毒性似乎较低，因为大鼠在单次给予2000毫克纳米颗粒/千克体重的剂量下未受影响。关于重复剂量毒性的信息非常有限。据报道，人类摄入含金的酒液后会出现皮疹。此外，据报道，牙科修复体释放的金会增加发生金过敏的风险。关于遗传毒性，体外研究表明金纳米颗粒会诱导哺乳动物细胞中的DNA损伤。在体内，金纳米颗粒会在黑腹果蝇中诱导遗传毒性效应；然而，缺乏在哺乳动物中的遗传毒性研究。总体而言，根据文献并考虑到人类的低暴露情况，一般认为通过口服途径摄入的元素金不会对人类健康造成威胁。
