Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2023 Jul;415(18):4023-4038. doi: 10.1007/s00216-023-04641-7. Epub 2023 Mar 23.
The use of engineered nanoparticles in the environment and human life has increased in the last 20 years. The risk assessment concerning application of nanomaterials in biological systems requires their thorough characterization. Understanding the correlations between physicochemical properties of nanoparticles concerning not only the size, particle size distribution, number concentration, degree of aggregation, or agglomeration but also solubility, stability, binding affinity, surface activity, chemical composition, and nanoparticle synthesis yield allows their reliable characterization. Thus, to find the structure-function/property relationship of nanoparticles, multifaceted characterization approach based on more than one analytical technique is required. On the other hand, the increasing demand for identification and characterization of nanomaterials has contributed to the continuous development of spectrometric techniques which enables for their qualitative and quantitative analysis in complex matrices giving reproducible and reliable results. This review is aimed at providing a discussion concerning four main aspects of nanoparticle characterization: nanoparticle synthesis yield, particle size and number concentration, elemental and isotopic composition of nanoparticles, and their surface properties. The conventional and non-conventional spectrometric techniques such as spectrophotometry UV-Vis, mass spectrometric techniques working in conventional and single-particle mode, or those based on optical emission detection systems are described with special emphasis paid on their advantages and drawbacks. The application and recent advances of these methods are also comprehensively reviewed and critically discussed.
在过去的 20 年中，工程纳米粒子在环境和人类生活中的应用有所增加。关于纳米材料在生物系统中应用的风险评估需要对其进行彻底的特性描述。了解纳米粒子的物理化学性质之间的相关性，不仅要考虑到大小、粒径分布、数浓度、聚集程度或团聚程度，还要考虑到溶解度、稳定性、结合亲和力、表面活性、化学成分和纳米粒子合成产率，这使得对其进行可靠的特性描述成为可能。因此，为了找到纳米粒子的结构-功能/性能关系，需要基于一种以上分析技术的多方面特性描述方法。另一方面，对纳米材料进行识别和特性描述的需求不断增加，这促进了光谱技术的不断发展，这些技术能够在复杂基质中对其进行定性和定量分析，从而获得可重复和可靠的结果。本综述旨在讨论纳米粒子特性描述的四个主要方面：纳米粒子合成产率、粒径和数浓度、纳米粒子的元素和同位素组成以及它们的表面特性。描述了常规和非常规光谱技术，如分光光度法 UV-Vis、工作在常规和单粒子模式下的质谱技术，或基于光学发射检测系统的技术，特别强调了它们的优缺点。还全面回顾和批判性讨论了这些方法的应用和最新进展。
