SCALab, Université de Lille and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
University of Poitiers and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Poitiers, France.
Front Psychol. 2015 Apr 16;6:452. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00452. eCollection 2015.
Developing readers have been shown to rely on morphemes in visual word recognition across several naming, lexical decision and priming experiments. However, the impact of morphology in reading is not consistent across studies with differing results emerging not only between but also within writing systems. Here, we report a cross-language experiment involving the English and French languages, which aims to compare directly the impact of morphology in word recognition in the two languages. Monolingual French-speaking and English-speaking children matched for grade level (Part 1) and for age (Part 2) participated in the study. Two lexical decision tasks (one in French, one in English) featured words and pseudowords with exactly the same structure in each language. The presence of a root (R+) and a suffix ending (S+) was manipulated orthogonally, leading to four possible combinations in words (R+S+: e.g., postal; R+S-: e.g., turnip; R-S+: e.g., rascal; and R-S-: e.g., bishop) and in pseudowords (R+S+: e.g., pondal; R+S-: e.g., curlip; R-S+: e.g., vosnal; and R-S-: e.g., hethop). Results indicate that the presence of morphemes facilitates children's recognition of words and impedes their ability to reject pseudowords in both languages. Nevertheless, effects extend across accuracy and latencies in French but are restricted to accuracy in English, suggesting a higher degree of morphological processing efficiency in French. We argue that the inconsistencies found between languages emphasize the need for developmental models of word recognition to integrate a morpheme level whose elaboration is tuned by the productivity and transparency of the derivational system.
已有研究表明，在多项命名、词汇判断和启动实验中，发展中的读者在视觉单词识别中依赖词素。然而，形态学在阅读中的影响在不同的研究中并不一致，不仅在不同的书写系统之间，而且在同一个书写系统内也有不同的结果。在这里，我们报告了一个涉及英语和法语的跨语言实验，旨在直接比较这两种语言在单词识别中形态学的影响。母语为法语和英语的单语儿童，按年级（第 1 部分）和年龄（第 2 部分）匹配，参与了这项研究。两项词汇判断任务（一项在法语中，一项在英语中）都使用了在两种语言中结构完全相同的单词和伪词。词根（R+）和后缀（S+）的存在以正交的方式被操纵，导致单词和伪词中存在四种可能的组合（R+S+：例如 postal；R+S-：例如 turnip；R-S+：例如 rascal；和 R-S-：例如 bishop）和在伪词中（R+S+：例如 pondal；R+S-：例如 curlip；R-S+：例如 vosnal；和 R-S-：例如 hethop）。结果表明，词素的存在促进了儿童对单词的识别，阻碍了他们对两种语言中伪词的识别能力。然而，这种影响在法语中延伸到准确性和反应时，而在英语中只限于准确性，这表明法语中形态处理效率更高。我们认为，语言之间的不一致强调了需要发展一种单词识别模型，将一个词素层面纳入其中，其细化程度由派生系统的生产性和透明度来调整。
