Nicklas Theresa A, O'Neil Carol E
USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and
School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
Adv Nutr. 2015 May 15;6(3):368S-75S. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007021. Print 2015 May.
The diets of most US children and adults are poor, as reflected by low diet quality scores, when compared with the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs). Contributing to these low scores is that most Americans overconsume solid fats, which may contain saturated fatty acids and added sugars; although alcohol consumption was generally modest, it provided few nutrients. Thus, the 2005 DGAs generated a new recommendation: to reduce intakes of solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars (SoFAAS). What precipitated the emergence of the new SoFAAS terminology was the concept of discretionary calories (a "calorie" is defined as the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C), which were defined as calories consumed after an individual had met his or her recommended nutrient intakes while consuming fewer calories than the daily recommendation. A limitation with this concept was that additional amounts of nutrient-dense foods consumed beyond the recommended amount were also considered discretionary calories. The rationale for this was that if nutrient-dense foods were consumed beyond recommended amounts, after total energy intake was met then this constituted excess energy intake. In the 2010 DGAs, the terminology was changed to solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS); thus, alcohol was excluded because it made a minor contribution to overall intake and did not apply to children. The SoFAS terminology also negated nutrient-dense foods that were consumed in amounts above the recommendations for the specific food groups in the food patterns. The ambiguous SoFAS terminology was later changed to "empty calories" to reflect only those calories from solid fats and added sugars (and alcohol if consumed beyond moderate amounts). The purpose of this review is to provide an historical perspective on how the dietary recommendations went from SoFAAS to SoFAS and how discretionary calories went to empty calories between the 2005 and 2010 DGAs. This information will provide practitioners, as well as the public, with valuable information to better understand the evolution of SoFAS over time.
与《美国膳食指南》（DGAs）的建议相比，大多数美国儿童和成年人的饮食质量较差，这体现在饮食质量得分较低上。导致这些低分的原因是，大多数美国人过量摄入固体脂肪，其中可能含有饱和脂肪酸和添加糖；尽管酒精摄入量一般适度，但几乎不含营养成分。因此，2005年的DGAs提出了一项新建议：减少固体脂肪、酒精和添加糖（SoFAAS）的摄入量。新的SoFAAS术语出现的原因是自由裁量卡路里的概念（“卡路里”被定义为将1千克水的温度升高1摄氏度所需的能量），自由裁量卡路里被定义为个体在满足其推荐营养素摄入量且摄入的卡路里少于每日推荐量之后所摄入的卡路里。这个概念的一个局限性在于，超出推荐量摄入的额外营养丰富的食物也被视为自由裁量卡路里。其理由是，如果在满足总能量摄入后摄入了超出推荐量的营养丰富的食物，那么这就构成了过量能量摄入。在2010年的DGAs中，术语改为固体脂肪和添加糖（SoFAS）；因此，酒精被排除在外，因为它对总体摄入量的贡献较小，且不适用于儿童。SoFAS术语也否定了在食物模式中超出特定食物组推荐量摄入的营养丰富的食物。后来，模糊的SoFAS术语改为“空热量”，以仅反映来自固体脂肪和添加糖（以及如果过量摄入的酒精）的那些卡路里。本综述的目的是提供一个历史视角，说明膳食建议是如何从SoFAAS转变为SoFAS的，以及自由裁量卡路里是如何在2005年和2010年的DGAs之间转变为空热量的。这些信息将为从业者以及公众提供有价值的信息，以便更好地理解SoFAS随时间的演变。
