Larese Filon Francesca, Mauro Marcella, Adami Gianpiero, Bovenzi Massimo, Crosera Matteo
Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, via della Pietà 19, 1-34100 Trieste, Italy.
Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, via della Pietà 19, 1-34100 Trieste, Italy.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015 Jul;72(2):310-22. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.005. Epub 2015 May 13.
Nanoparticles (NPs) skin absorption is a wide issue, which needs to be better understood. The attempt of this review is to summarize the scientific evidence concerning open questions, i.e.: the role of NPs intrinsic characteristics (size, shape, charge, surface properties), the penetration of NPs through the intact or impaired skin barrier, the penetration pathways which should be considered and the role of NPs interaction in physiological media. The outcomes suggest that one main difference should be made between metal and non-metal NPs. Both kinds have a secondary NPs size which is given after interaction in physiological media, and allows a size-dependent skin penetration: NPs⩽4nm can penetrate and permeate intact skin, NPs size between 4 and 20nm can potentially permeate intact and damaged skin, NPs size between 21 and 45nm can penetrate and permeate only damaged skin, NPs size>45nm cannot penetrate nor permeate the skin. Other aspects play an important role, mostly for metal NPs, i.e., dissolution in physiological media, which can cause local and systemic effects, the sensitizing or toxic potential and the tendency to create aggregates. This paper suggests a decision tree to evaluate the potential risk for consumers and workers exposed to NPs.
纳米颗粒（NPs）经皮肤吸收是一个广泛存在的问题，需要我们更好地去理解。本综述旨在总结关于一些未解决问题的科学证据，即：纳米颗粒的内在特性（尺寸、形状、电荷、表面性质）的作用、纳米颗粒穿过完整或受损皮肤屏障的渗透情况、应考虑的渗透途径以及纳米颗粒在生理介质中的相互作用的作用。研究结果表明，金属和非金属纳米颗粒之间应存在一个主要区别。这两种纳米颗粒在生理介质中相互作用后都有一个二次粒径，且粒径大小决定了经皮肤渗透情况：纳米颗粒粒径≤4nm时可穿透并渗透完整皮肤，粒径在4至20nm之间时可能渗透完整皮肤和受损皮肤，粒径在21至45nm之间时只能穿透并渗透受损皮肤，粒径>45nm则无法穿透或渗透皮肤。其他方面也起着重要作用，主要针对金属纳米颗粒，即：在生理介质中的溶解，这可能会导致局部和全身效应、致敏或毒性潜力以及形成聚集体的倾向。本文提出了一个决策树，用于评估接触纳米颗粒的消费者和工人的潜在风险。
