Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woollongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(35):6353-66. doi: 10.2174/1381612811319350011.
Exposure of human skin to nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing with the development of nanotechnology and new applications of NPs in medicine. Safety concerns have sparked debate on the capacity of NPs to penetrate through skin and enter into the body. This article attempts to summarize the recent evidence on whether NPs penetrate human skin and the factors that may affect the penetration. Skin structure and penetration mechanisms are reviewed to provide background information. Size, shape, formulation, surface properties and application methods and their effects on skin penetration are specifically discussed. Finally, the relationship between skin penetration and nanotoxicity is reviewed to further emphasise the importance of the research in this area.
人类皮肤接触纳米颗粒（NPs）的情况随着纳米技术的发展以及 NPs 在医学中的新应用而不断增加。NPs 是否能够穿透皮肤进入人体的问题引发了安全性方面的担忧，这也引发了相关的争论。本文试图总结近期关于 NPs 是否穿透人体皮肤以及可能影响其穿透的因素的相关证据。本文首先回顾了皮肤结构和穿透机制，为讨论提供背景信息。接着特别讨论了 NPs 的大小、形状、配方、表面性质和应用方法及其对皮肤穿透的影响。最后，本文还综述了皮肤穿透与纳米毒性之间的关系，进一步强调了这一领域研究的重要性。
