Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Slupen, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway.
Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160, Vienna, Austria.
Conserv Biol. 2015 Aug;29(4):978-985. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12534. Epub 2015 May 21.
A key controversy in conservation is the framing of the relationship between people and nature. The extent to which the realms of nature and human culture are viewed as separate (dualistic view) or integrated is often discussed in the social sciences. To explore how this relationship is represented in the practice of conservation in Europe, we considered examples of cultural landscapes, wildlife (red deer, reindeer, horses), and protected area management. We found little support, for a dualistic worldview, where people and nature are regarded as separate in the traditional practice of conservation in Europe. The borders between nature and culture, wild and domestic, public land and private land, and between protected areas and the wider landscape were blurred and dynamic. The institutionalized (in practice and legislation) view is of an interactive mutualistic system in which humans and nature share the whole landscape. However, more dualistic ideals, such as wilderness and rewilding that are challenging established practices are expanding. In the context of modern day Europe, wilderness conservation and rewilding are not valid for the whole landscape, although it is possible to integrate some areas of low-intervention management into a wider matrix. A precondition for success is to recognize and plan for a plurality of values concerning the most valid approaches to conservation and to plan for this plurality at the landscape scale.
保护生物学中的一个主要争议是人与自然关系的框架。在社会科学中，经常讨论自然领域和人类文化领域被视为相互独立（二元论观点）还是相互融合的程度。为了探究这种关系在欧洲保护实践中的表现形式，我们考虑了文化景观、野生动物（驯鹿、马）和保护区管理等方面的例子。我们发现，在传统的欧洲保护实践中，人们和自然被视为相互独立的二元论世界观几乎没有得到支持。自然和文化、野生和家养、公共土地和私人土地以及保护区和更广泛的景观之间的界限是模糊和动态的。制度化的（实践和立法）观点是一种互动互利的系统，其中人类和自然共享整个景观。然而，更具二元论思想的理念，如荒野保护和再野化，正在挑战既定实践并不断扩大。在现代欧洲的背景下，荒野保护和再野化并不适用于整个景观，尽管可以将一些低干预管理的区域整合到更广泛的景观基质中。成功的前提是认识到并规划出关于保护最有效方法的多种价值观，并在景观尺度上规划这种多样性。
