Nanau Radu M, Neuman Manuela G
In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
Biomolecules. 2015 Jun 29;5(3):1339-85. doi: 10.3390/biom5031339.
The quantitative, measurable detection of drinking is important for the successful treatment of alcohol misuse in transplantation of patients with alcohol disorders, people living with human immunodeficiency virus that need to adhere to medication, and special occupational hazard offenders, many of whom continually deny drinking. Their initial misconduct usually leads to medical problems associated with drinking, impulsive social behavior, and drunk driving. The accurate identification of alcohol consumption via biochemical tests contributes significantly to the monitoring of drinking behavior.
A systematic review of the current methods used to measure biomarkers of alcohol consumption was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases (2010-2015). The names of the tests have been identified. The methods and publications that correlate between the social instruments and the biochemical tests were further investigated. There is a clear need for assays standardization to ensure the use of these biochemical tests as routine biomarkers.
Alcohol ingestion can be measured using a breath test. Because alcohol is rapidly eliminated from the circulation, the time for detection by this analysis is in the range of hours. Alcohol consumption can alternatively be detected by direct measurement of ethanol concentration in blood or urine. Several markers have been proposed to extend the interval and sensitivities of detection, including ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine, phosphatidylethanol in blood, and ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters in hair, among others. Moreover, there is a need to correlate the indirect biomarker carbohydrate deficient transferrin, which reflects longer lasting consumption of higher amounts of alcohol, with serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, another long term indirect biomarker that is routinely used and standardized in laboratory medicine.
对饮酒进行定量、可测量的检测对于成功治疗酒精滥用至关重要，这些酒精滥用患者包括患有酒精障碍的移植患者、需要坚持服药的人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者以及特殊职业危害犯罪者，其中许多人一直否认饮酒。他们最初的不当行为通常会导致与饮酒相关的医疗问题、冲动的社会行为和酒后驾车。通过生化检测准确识别酒精摄入量对饮酒行为的监测有显著贡献。
利用PubMed和谷歌学术数据库（2010 - 2015年）对目前用于测量酒精摄入生物标志物的方法进行了系统综述。确定了检测方法的名称。进一步研究了社会工具与生化检测之间相关的方法和出版物。显然需要对检测方法进行标准化，以确保将这些生化检测用作常规生物标志物。
可以使用呼气测试来测量酒精摄入量。由于酒精会迅速从循环中消除，通过这种分析进行检测的时间在数小时范围内。也可以通过直接测量血液或尿液中的乙醇浓度来检测酒精摄入量。已经提出了几种标志物来延长检测间隔和提高检测灵敏度，包括尿液中的葡糖醛酸乙酯和硫酸乙酯、血液中的磷脂酰乙醇以及头发中的葡糖醛酸乙酯和脂肪酸乙酯等。此外，需要将反映长期大量饮酒的间接生物标志物缺糖转铁蛋白与血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶相关联，血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶是另一种在实验室医学中常规使用且已标准化的长期间接生物标志物。
