Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital , Rotterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Developmental Psychology, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , Netherlands.
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital , Rotterdam , Netherlands.
Front Pediatr. 2015 Jul 28;3:66. doi: 10.3389/fped.2015.00066. eCollection 2015.
Children of parents with a substance use disorder (CPSUD) are at increased risk for developing problematic substance use later in life. Endophenotypes may help to clarify the mechanism behind this increased risk. However, substance use and externalizing symptoms may confound the relation between dysregulated physiological stress responding and familial risk for substance use disorders (SUDs).
We examined whether heart rate (HR) responses differed between CPSUDs and controls. Participants (aged 11-20 years) were CPSUDs (N = 75) and controls (N = 363), semi-matched on the basis of sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. HR was measured continuously during a psychosocial stress procedure. Substance use and externalizing symptoms were self-reported and mother-reported, respectively.
A piecewise, mixed-effects model was fit for HR across the stress procedure, with fixed effects for HR reactivity and HR recovery. CPSUDs showed a blunted HR recovery. CPSUDs reported drinking more frequently, were more likely to use tobacco daily, were more likely to report ever use of cannabis and used cannabis more frequently, and exhibited more externalizing symptoms. These variables did not confound the relation between familial risk for SUDs and a blunted HR recovery.
Our findings suggest dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) responding in CPSUDs and contribute to the accumulating evidence for ANS dysregulation as a potential endophenotype for SUDs.
父母有物质使用障碍（CPSUD）的儿童在以后的生活中出现问题性物质使用的风险增加。表型可能有助于阐明这种风险增加的机制。然而，物质使用和外化症状可能会混淆失调的生理应激反应与物质使用障碍（SUD）家族风险之间的关系。
我们研究了 CPSUD 与对照组之间的心率（HR）反应是否存在差异。参与者（年龄 11-20 岁）为 CPSUD（N=75）和对照组（N=363），基于性别、社会经济地位和种族进行半匹配。在心理社会应激程序中连续测量 HR。物质使用和外化症状分别由自我报告和母亲报告。
使用分段混合效应模型对整个应激过程中的 HR 进行拟合，具有 HR 反应性和 HR 恢复的固定效应。CPSUD 表现出 HR 恢复迟钝。CPSUD 报告饮酒更频繁，更有可能每天吸烟，更有可能报告曾经使用大麻且使用大麻更频繁，并且表现出更多的外化症状。这些变量并没有混淆 SUD 家族风险与 HR 恢复迟钝之间的关系。
我们的研究结果表明 CPSUD 存在自主神经系统（ANS）失调反应，并为 ANS 失调作为 SUD 的潜在表型提供了更多证据。
