Garaigordobil Maite
Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2015 Aug 12;6:1176. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01176. eCollection 2015.
Great thinkers, philosophers, scientists, and artists from History have often been concerned about one of the most important elements of life: happiness. The study had four goals: (1) To analyze possible differences in feelings of happiness as a function of sex and age; (2) To explore the relations of happiness with risk factors (psychopathological symptoms, behavior problems) and protective factors (self-concept-self-esteem, cooperative behavior, social skills) for health; (3) To identify predictor variables of happiness; and (4) To explore whether self-esteem mediates the relationship between happiness and psychopathological symptoms. The sample comprised 286 adolescents (14-16 years old). The study used a descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional methodology. Seven assessment instruments were administered. The ANOVAs confirm that there are no sex differences, but happiness decreases as age increases. Pearson coefficients show that adolescents with more feelings of happiness had fewer psychopathological symptoms (somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism…), fewer behavioral problems (school-academic, antisocial behavior, shyness-withdrawal, psychopathological, psychosomatic), high social adaptation, high self-concept/self-esteem, many cooperative behaviors, many appropriate social skills, and few negative social skills (inappropriate assertiveness, impulsiveness, jealousy-withdrawal). Multiple regression analysis identified five variables predicting happiness: high self-concept, few symptoms of depression, many cooperative behaviors, high self-esteem, and low psychoticism. Results showed a partial mediational effect of self-esteem in the relation between happiness and psychopathological symptoms. The discussion focuses on the importance of implementing programs to promote feelings of happiness, as well as protective factors for health (self-esteem, cooperation…).
历史上伟大的思想家、哲学家、科学家和艺术家常常关注生活中最重要的元素之一：幸福。该研究有四个目标：（1）分析幸福感受因性别和年龄而异的可能差异；（2）探讨幸福与健康风险因素（心理病理症状、行为问题）和保护因素（自我概念 - 自尊、合作行为、社交技能）之间的关系；（3）确定幸福的预测变量；（4）探讨自尊是否在幸福与心理病理症状之间的关系中起中介作用。样本包括286名青少年（14 - 16岁）。该研究采用了描述性、相关性和横断面研究方法。使用了七种评估工具。方差分析证实不存在性别差异，但幸福程度会随着年龄增长而降低。皮尔逊系数表明，幸福感更强的青少年心理病理症状（躯体化、强迫观念 - 强迫行为、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧焦虑、偏执观念、精神分裂症倾向……）更少，行为问题（学校学业、反社会行为、害羞 - 退缩、心理病理、身心问题）更少，社会适应能力强，自我概念/自尊高，合作行为多，社交技能恰当，负面社交技能（不恰当的 assertiveness、冲动、嫉妒 - 退缩）少。多元回归分析确定了预测幸福的五个变量：高自我概念、抑郁症状少、合作行为多、自尊高和精神分裂症倾向低。结果表明自尊在幸福与心理病理症状的关系中具有部分中介作用。讨论集中在实施促进幸福感的项目以及健康保护因素（自尊、合作……）的重要性上。
