Olalde Iñigo, Schroeder Hannes, Sandoval-Velasco Marcela, Vinner Lasse, Lobón Irene, Ramirez Oscar, Civit Sergi, García Borja Pablo, Salazar-García Domingo C, Talamo Sahra, María Fullola Josep, Xavier Oms Francesc, Pedro Mireia, Martínez Pablo, Sanz Montserrat, Daura Joan, Zilhão João, Marquès-Bonet Tomàs, Gilbert M Thomas P, Lalueza-Fox Carles
Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain.
Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Mol Biol Evol. 2015 Dec;32(12):3132-42. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msv181. Epub 2015 Sep 2.
The spread of farming out of the Balkans and into the rest of Europe followed two distinct routes: An initial expansion represented by the Impressa and Cardial traditions, which followed the Northern Mediterranean coastline; and another expansion represented by the LBK (Linearbandkeramik) tradition, which followed the Danube River into Central Europe. Although genomic data now exist from samples representing the second migration, such data have yet to be successfully generated from the initial Mediterranean migration. To address this, we generated the complete genome of a 7,400-year-old Cardial individual (CB13) from Cova Bonica in Vallirana (Barcelona), as well as partial nuclear data from five others excavated from different sites in Spain and Portugal. CB13 clusters with all previously sequenced early European farmers and modern-day Sardinians. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that both Cardial and LBK peoples derived from a common ancient population located in or around the Balkan Peninsula. The Iberian Cardial genome also carries a discernible hunter-gatherer genetic signature that likely was not acquired by admixture with local Iberian foragers. Our results indicate that retrieving ancient genomes from similarly warm Mediterranean environments such as the Near East is technically feasible.
一条是由印纹陶和心形陶传统代表的初始扩张路线，该路线沿着地中海北部海岸线；另一条是由线性带纹陶（LBK）传统代表的扩张路线，该路线沿着多瑙河进入中欧。尽管现在已经有了代表第二次迁徙样本的基因组数据，但尚未成功获取代表初始地中海迁徙的基因组数据。为了解决这个问题，我们测定了来自瓦利拉纳（巴塞罗那）科瓦博尼卡的一名7400年前的心形陶个体（CB13）的全基因组，以及从西班牙和葡萄牙不同遗址发掘的另外五人的部分核数据。CB13与所有先前测序的早期欧洲农民和现代撒丁岛人聚类。此外，我们的分析表明，心形陶人和线性带纹陶人都源自巴尔干半岛或其周边地区的一个共同古代群体。伊比利亚心形陶基因组还带有明显的狩猎采集者基因特征，这可能不是通过与当地伊比利亚觅食者混合获得的。我们的结果表明，从近东等地中海温暖环境中获取古代基因组在技术上是可行的。
