Roca-Rada Xavier, Davidson Roberta, Williams Matthew P, Villalba-Mouco Vanessa, Carvalho António Faustino, Ravishankar Shyamsundar, Collen Evelyn, Haarkötter Christian, Taufik Leonard, Cuesta-Aguirre Daniel R, Tente Catarina, Calleja Álvaro M Monge, MacRoberts Rebecca Anne, Melo Linda, Purnomo Gludhug A, Souilmi Yassine, Tobler Raymond, Cunha Eugénia, Tereso Sofia, Matos Vítor M J, Fernandes Teresa Matos, Maurer Anne-France, Silva Ana Maria, Carvalho Pedro C, Llamas Bastien, Teixeira João C
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Genome Biol. 2025 Aug 18;26(1):248. doi: 10.1186/s13059-025-03707-2.
Recent ancient DNA studies uncovering large-scale demographic events in Iberia have presented very limited data for Portugal, a country located at the westernmost edge of continental Eurasia. Here, we present the most comprehensive collection of Portuguese ancient genome-wide data, from 67 individuals spanning 5000 years of human history, from the Neolithic to the nineteenth century.
We identify early admixture between local hunter-gatherers and Anatolian-related farmers in Neolithic Portugal, with a northeastern-southwestern gradient of increasing Magdalenian-associated ancestry persistence in Iberia. This profile continues into the Chalcolithic, though Bell Beaker-associated sites reveal Portugal's first evidence of Steppe-related ancestry. Such ancestry has a broader demographic impact during the Bronze Age, despite continuity of local Chalcolithic genetic ancestry and limited Mediterranean connections. The village of Idanha-a-Velha emerges in the Roman period as a site of significant migration and interaction, presenting a notably diverse genetic profile that includes North African and Eastern Mediterranean ancestries. The Early Medieval period is marked by the arrival of Central European genetic diversity, likely linked to migrations of Germanic tribes, adding to coeval local, African, and Mediterranean influences. The Islamic and Christian Conquest periods show strong genetic continuity in northern Portugal and significant additional African admixture in the south. The latter remains stable during the post-Islamic period, suggesting enduring African influences.
We reveal dynamic patterns of migration in line with cultural exchange across millennia, but also the persistence of local ancestries. Our findings integrate genetic information with historical and archeological data, enhancing our understanding of Iberia's biological and cultural heritage.
近期关于伊比利亚半岛大规模人口事件的古DNA研究为葡萄牙提供的数据非常有限，葡萄牙位于欧亚大陆最西端。在此，我们展示了最全面的葡萄牙古代全基因组数据集合，涵盖了67个人，跨越了从新石器时代到19世纪的5000年人类历史。
我们确定了新石器时代葡萄牙当地狩猎采集者与安纳托利亚相关农民之间的早期混合情况，在伊比利亚半岛，马格德林相关血统的持续存在呈现出从东北到西南的梯度变化。这种情况一直延续到铜石并用时代，不过与钟杯文化相关的遗址揭示了葡萄牙与草原相关血统的首个证据。尽管当地铜石并用时代的遗传血统得以延续且与地中海的联系有限，但这种血统在青铜时代产生了更广泛的人口影响。伊达尼亚-阿-韦利亚村在罗马时期成为一个重要的移民和互动场所，呈现出显著多样的遗传特征，包括北非和东地中海血统。中世纪早期的特点是中欧遗传多样性的到来，这可能与日耳曼部落的迁徙有关，同时也增加了同时期当地、非洲和地中海的影响。伊斯兰和基督教征服时期在葡萄牙北部显示出强烈的遗传连续性，而南部则有大量额外的非洲混合血统。后者在伊斯兰后期保持稳定，表明非洲的影响持久存在。
我们揭示了与数千年文化交流相一致的动态移民模式，以及当地血统的持久性。我们的研究结果将遗传信息与历史和考古数据相结合，增进了我们对伊比利亚半岛生物和文化遗产的理解。
